Showing 18 results for Income
Dr Leila Torki, Dr Seyed Komail Tayebi, Sajjad Sharifi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (12-2010)
Abstract
The theoretical literature of economic growth (endogenous and exogenous growth model) and empirical evidence in developed and developing countries show that without financial reform, sustainable development is impossible. The positive effects of financial sector development on economic growth and developments in the international financial sector make a more important issue. Some economists believe that financial reforms through increasing the level of savings and investment can provide economic growth. Also, some economists believe that financial reform by international capital mobility and technology transfer can cause income convergence among countries. This study investigates the theoretical foundations of financial development, financial system and its functions, and also the analysis of the effect of financial reform on economic growth and creating income convergence among selected Islamic countries during 2008-1979. Estimation results show that financial reform through liquidity has direct and significant impact on economic growth. The crossover effect of economic growth and liquidity has direct and statistically significant effect on income convergence.
Dr Davoud Behboudi, Dr Mohammad Ali Motafkker Azad, Siab Mamipour,
Volume 3, Issue 10 (12-2012)
Abstract
Oil revenues play a significant role in the government budget in Iran and have also an important impact on GDP. This study aims at providing a practical solution for the question of how oil revenues should be managed. In this regard, a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model has developed to examine the direct effect of distribution of oil revenues on GDP in both static and dynamic approaches .
The results of static model show that the direct distribution of oil revenues to households has a negative effect on the government expenditures and therefore decrease the GDP . The dynamic model allows the conversion of savings into investment and capital formation. So the results of running this model show the positive effect of direct distribution of oil revenues on GDP and also the negative effect of this policy on the government current spending. Therefore, the results confirm that direct distribution of oil revenues is an effective policy in reducing the dependence of government on oil revenues and also in relying more on people and the tax revenues .
Hossein Raghfar, Mir Hossen Mousavi, Batool Azari, Mitra Babapour,
Volume 5, Issue 15 (3-2014)
Abstract
One of the issues discussed in economy is the socioeconomic inequality in the society. Income mobility is another measure which indicates the degree of inequality of opportunity in a society. The extent of income mobility depends on socio-economic status of the individuals. Different socio-economic status leads to further inequality and increases inequality of opportunity. Such inequalities lead to the formation of Poverty which can be reproduced and transmitted from one cohort to the other, if not utilize the appropriate method. income mobility is measured as either conditional or absolute one. In Conditional mobility fixed effects are considered, however in absolute mobility it is not so. Fixed effect parameter that indicates the heterogeneity between individuals. According to the importance of the issue of poverty and the relation it has with inequality, this paper studies the conditional mobility in the economy of Iran. In this study Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011 is used. The method of nonlinear dynamic pseudo-panel has been used in order to measure income inequality dynamics. Nonlinear dynamics of income inequality for urban areas in Iran are estimated. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. The main results of this study indicate that the conditional income mobility is low and dine quality in the country has increased over time. Facing negative shocks, households cannot quickly improve their situation and return to the initial income, and at the same time, the market operation in itself cannot fix the problem. This means that the market provides more favorable conditions for people who have higher power and wealth. This leads the inequality to spread to the higher level.
Ahmad Googerdchian, Komail Tayyebi, Effat Ghazavi,
Volume 5, Issue 17 (10-2014)
Abstract
Women as half of the workforce in society can be an effective lever to promote economic and social development goals. In recent years, participation of women in development activities has increased. But the participation of women has been associated with discrimination against them. In recent years with increasing participation of women in the labor market, the income gap between men and women in the labor market is one of the most important discrimination they are facing with it. Understanding the factors affecting women's employment and the impact of these factors on the wage level and understanding the factors affecting the gender gap, can be very useful in reducing discrimination and achieving sustainable desirable development.
With attention, in this study, we tried to analyze influence employment, productivity, education and educating of men and women on decrease gender gap in wages paid to an econometric model. Theoretical basis of this model is based on Blinder- Oaxaca gender gap (1974) and in the period 1370 to 1390. The experimental results with model coefficients using panel data and with using Stata and Eveiws software is obtained and then analyzed.
Based on the results, however, productivity and employment increase wages of men and women but it Increase the gender income gap. Education increases wages of men and women but it reduces the gender income gap. Educating reduces wages of women and gender income gap too.
Mohammad Reza Monjazeb, Soroush Hajiaboli,
Volume 6, Issue 21 (10-2015)
Abstract
The investigation of electricity consumption is one of the main issues in the energy economics literature and has been considered empiricaly in recent years. So the main aim of this paper is to estimate the optimal electricity consumption in Iranian household sector during the period of 1990-2009. For achieving this, the empirical model has been estimated by panel data for three gropus of countries including developed, developing and total countries. The results of this paper reveal that there is not a significant difference between the electricity consumption in Iran and developing countries. Moreover, the electricity consumption in Iran less than of other developed countries.
Sepideh Yasharel, Magid Habibian Naghibi,
Volume 7, Issue 23 (3-2016)
Abstract
Targeted subsidies plan affects income distribution and poverty through several channels. On most of the analyzies, changes on labor supply are not considered. Increasing nominal income alone after paying cash subsidy rule can reduce labor supply in targeted subsidies. This issue may decrease effect of targeted subsidies. In this research by CGE we calculate the result of impact of energy price increase and direct cash subsidy transfer with considering labor supply decrease in the first phase of this plan. Then we use this CGE data to calculate the poverty index and income distribution. The model is calibrated based on 2001 Micro Consistent Matrix (MCM) designed by Research Institute of Planning and Management Deputy Strategic Planning and Control. The results of the model show that while the plan reduce supply of labor, it improve income distribution and poverty in Iran. The results also reveal that the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of rural deciles is more than the percentage of improvement in purchasing power of urban deciles.
Ali Asghar Salem, Morteza Niazi,
Volume 8, Issue 28 (7-2017)
Abstract
Religious tourism is very important either in Iran and in the international level. In this study dynamic linear almost ideal demand system and formulas of price and income elasticity were applied to estimate demand for religious trips. To this end, micro data of household budget prepared by Census center of Iran for 1991-2011 has been applied in this study.
According to the results, income elasticity of religious trips is about 0/42 , that means one percent increase in income will lead to an increase of 0/4 percent in demand for religious trips. Also the price elasticity of demand in all commodity groups is negative and price elasticity of religious trips is about -0/98.
Ezatollah Abbasian, Mohammad Jafari, Ebrahim Nasiroleslami, Farzaneh Farzaneh Mohammadi,
Volume 8, Issue 28 (7-2017)
Abstract
In recent years, with increasing of international sanctions and oil revenues falling in Iran, more attention has paid to public spending and taxes as a source of government financing. In this regard, numerous studies have focused on the issue of taxation and its role in economic development. However, the most studies in Iran analyses the role of taxes on macroeconomic variables such as economic growth, inflation and income inequality, and there is no research in the row of the changes in tax income over the business cycle. In this study, using the dynamic least squares method, short and long-run elasticity of tax bases in Iran in response to changes in GDP over the period 1973-2014 is calculated. The results shows that in the long run, the elasticity of income and corporate tax are statistically greater than one and for other tax bases are not significantly different from the unit. In the short run, elasticity of corporate tax is different from unit and other tax bases were not significantly different than unity. According to these results, it is suggested that the Iranian government should have less focusing on income and corporate tax during the recession period
Younes Goli,
Volume 9, Issue 32 (7-2018)
Abstract
One of the main goals of many households is to improve the quality of their children by increasing their education expenditure. This study investigates the factors affecting on education expenditure as measure of quality of children by using the Households’ Income and Expenditure survey dataset over 2010-2014 and utilizing Tobit models. The result of Tobit shows that with addition of one person to the number of children, amount of education expenses per child reduces about 0.0064 billion Rial. But the effect of increasing one unit in the years of education of the head and mother of the household increases the educational expenditures by as much as 0.038 and 0.0548 billion Rial respectively. Therefore Becker’s theory of child quality-quantity tradeoff is confirmed, so the household has tendency increase educational expenditure per child and improve the quality of child by decreasing the number of children. Therefore, given the increasing quality of children, the development of production infrastructure for employing high-quality labor is an important step in increasing labor productivity and economic development in macro-level.
Mohammad Amin Kouhbor, Majid Aghaei, Mahdieh Rezagholizadeh,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (12-2018)
Abstract
Considering the health importance in development process of countries, this study investigates factors affecting various types of dental care services participation and related expenditures as one of the most important aspects of oral health. For this reason, a sample of almost 40000 Iranian households in 2016 is selected and the impact of the mentioned factors analyzed using Heckman’s two-stage model. Results indicate that household’s income and education are two importance factors that affect the choice of dentist services and their related expenditure especially in Luxury dental services such as orthodontics and Gum regenerations. Income elasticity of root canal, Inspection and dental extraction are computed 1.04 and 0.0004 respectively. Finally, insurance coverage elasticity of root canal is 0.6, while the same elasticity for inspection is computed about 0.1 and -1 for dental extraction.
Aziz Arman, Mis Batool Azari Beni,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (12-2018)
Abstract
Fluctuations in housing prices in recent years in Iran has always been one of the most important economic issues on the economic welfare changes affect lifetime. In this paper, the effects of housing on the dynamics of income generations age is examined. This phenomenon type of model is designed to assess the generation of data building. The model is designed household budget generations by combining cross-sectional data from households in the years 2007 to 2015 are tracking. In this research, in order to clarify the contents of the review results in four steps without shock and shock 5, 10 and 15 percent reported. The results show that the average income of households without shock reduced from 86 years to 89 and then 89 years with little speed has increased, although the increase in revenue in less than 86 years is 90 years. As well as small shock in 2007 has led to middle income households in that year and the following years than before the occurrence of shocks is reduced. While the occurrence of a great shock (15%) reduces the average household income has been greatly. This could mean that in the event of a large shock of vulnerable households are barely able to restore income dropped while repairing a small shock is possible.
Hassan Heydari,
Volume 9, Issue 34 (12-2018)
Abstract
There is a growing attention to models which contain a broader set of economic data. In recent decade, introduction of Factor Augmented VAR models through augmentation of traditional VAR models with unobservable “factors” has made a new route to econometric modeling. In spite of the growing number of international papers and researches which have used FAVAR approach to modeling policy shocks to various economies, there is little about Iranian economy. So the paper is an attempt to fill the gap in the literature using an FAVAR model to analyze transmission of oil and monetary shocks to Iranian economy. The model contains 35 major macroeconomic annual variables spanning from 1974 to 2014. The results show that “real sector” of Iranian economy responds positively to oil shocks up to 5 years. Also “nominal sector” of the economy responds positively to oil shocks but the responses are shorter, smaller and more volatile than “real sector” responses. Finally the model results show responses of “nominal sector” of Iranian economy to monetary shocks are positive which its duration varies between 2 and 4 years.
Ebrahim Nasiroleslami, Ezatollah Abbasian,
Volume 10, Issue 36 (6-2019)
Abstract
The existence of a stable source of income for the government is crucial for the financing of current and development expenditures. The major revenues of the government in Iran are derived from two sources of tax and oil revenues. Given that much of the oil revenue fluctuations are outside the control of domestic policymakers, it is better to focus on tax revenues in order to earn relatively stable revenues. However, tax revenues are also affected by cycles of boom and recession, and in terms of economic downturns, it is also difficult to earn money from this source. Thus, the solution for this problem is that the total tax revenue of the country is considered as a portfolio of income and applied to the methods of the financial economics to optimize it, in this way, an optimal combination Tax will be specified. Accordingly, in this study, by collecting information on different government revenues during the period of 1350-1396 and using the Markovitz model from two approaches to minimize risk and maximize returns, the optimal contribution of different tax bases for Iran has been calculated. The results show that the current share of the tax revenue base of the country is different from the optimal share.
Yadollah Dadgar, Hojat Eizadkhsti, Seyed Mohammad Seyedi,
Volume 12, Issue 44 (7-2021)
Abstract
The change of theoretical base in the area of welfare economy and due to economic evolution along time, in recent decades happiness has been considered as an important index for measuring welfare in individual and social levels along with other initial proxies such as wealth, consumption, gross domestic production. This particularly has attracted many economists attention such that they investigate the impact of economic variables on happiness. Government is an unclear and effective factor over nations happiness. Because government functions in expanding happiness through two channels. Direct channel and indirect channel. Therefore, the impact of governance over happiness increase is significant. This study is using panel data for investigating the impact of governance over happiness. Six Kaufmann governance indices has been used for assessing 112 nations governance in time period of (2006-2019). These six indices have been divided into two sub-index technical quality and democratic quality and has been evaluated by three equations. Also the sample was divided in two groups and the impact of governance on happiness was studied carefully. Income variable along with two control variables government expenditures and misery index were added to the function. These study findings indicate that there is a positive relationship between increase in income, governance improvement and happiness expansion. The effectiveness of governance quality in parallel with increasing happiness is considerable to democracy quality. This result is confirmed in all poor and rich nations, and its impact on poor nations is more than the rich ones. Income has significant direct effect on expanding happiness. Income coefficients are positive in each 3 group and for the poor is greater than the rich. Two control variables government expenses and misery index in all countries have positive and negative relationship with happiness respectively. The existent relationship holds for rich nations, but the coefficient of government expenses for poor nations is negative. On this basis, it can be said that governments have a significant and undeniable role in promoting the level of happiness in society by improving the quality of governance and reducing the misery index in the economy. Also the significance of gross domestic production and economic growth should not be ignored.
Mohsen Tartar, Hamid Sepehrdoust, Ali Akbar Gholizadeh,
Volume 12, Issue 45 (11-2021)
Abstract
The status of income distribution is economically important because other macroeconomic variables, especially savings rates, affect the amount of investment and aggregate demand in different markets, and are politically a measure of government efficiency in attracting voters. The present study aims to investigate the macroeconomic variables affecting inequality in income distribution in the two groups of middle-income countries and high-income countries based on the International Monetary Fund classification. For this purpose, the annual data of economic complexity, scientific productivity, political risk, economic risk, and financial risk and the period 2019-2000 and the panel method have been used. The results show that in high-income countries, increasing economic complexity and scientific productivity reduces income inequality, while in middle-income countries, increasing scientific productivity reduces income inequality, but increasing economic complexity increases income inequality. Reducing political risk in both groups reduces income inequality; While reducing financial risk reduces income inequality in high-income countries, it increases income inequality in middle-income countries. The impact of economic risk on income inequality is also negligible in high-income countries, while in middle-income countries the impact of economic risk on income inequality is very strong, and reducing economic risk in this group of countries strongly reduces income inequality.
Zahra Zarouni, Samad Hekmati Farid, Seyed Jamaluddin Mohseni Zanouzi, Ali Fiqh Majidi,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (5-2022)
Abstract
Why are some countries rich and others poor? And do poor countries converge toward rich countries in terms of economic performance? There are questions that have occupied the minds of economists for a long time, and the answers to these questions are the basis of the formation of economic growth patterns. During the development of developing countries, it is discussed whether institutional and structural homogeneity is a prerequisite for income convergence and performance of developing countries. Our research deals with institutional analysis in developing countries. Therefore, in this research, the formation of institutional and income convergence clusters in developing countries during the period of 2002-2020 has been investigated using the log t test of Phillips and Soule (2007, 2009). The results show that the convergence of institutional indicators among developing countries is rejected. However, the results of the cluster method provide strong evidence of the existence of converging clusters among developing countries. Also, in this study, the clustering of the per capita income of the studied countries has been done, which shows similar results to institutional clustering. which indicates that institutional clusters may be effective in forming income clusters.
Edris Karimi, Zahra Faturechi,
Volume 13, Issue 48 (9-2022)
Abstract
Today, benefits from energy sources, especially non-renewable sources, can have various effects on economic indicators, and for this reason, it has risks for the economy and society. One of these important economic indicators is income inequality, which over time leads to many problems for societies. In this research, the effect of dependence on non-renewable natural resources on the income inequality of developed countries has been investigated. This dependence has been re-examined by separating non-renewable resources into fossil and non-fossil resources. The data of the study was collected from 25 developed countries during the years 1990 to 2019, and after making sure that no false regressions occurred during the estimation, an econometric study was conducted between the variables. According to the short-term and long-term estimation results obtained from the consolidated group average approach, it was determined that although in the short-term dependence on natural resources has no effect on income distribution, in the long-term two variables dependence on total non-renewable natural resources and dependence on fossil non-renewable natural resources have a negative effect and Significant as well as the variable of dependence on non-renewable non-fossil natural resources had a negative and insignificant effect on inequality. It was also determined that the control variables used such as: education, globalization and institutional quality can reduce income inequality in developed countries.
Dr Samira Motaghi, Dr Yegane Mosavi Jahromi, Mr Mohammad Amin Taheri Gorgani,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (5-2023)
Abstract
Purpose: The insurance penetration rate is one of the most important indicators used to evaluate the insurance industry of a country. This ratio is also a measure to compare the performance of the insurance industry between developed and developing countries. The aim of this research is to compare the insurance penetration rate and the factors affecting it in high and low income countries.
Methodology: The current research examines the effect of variables such as inflation rate, education, labor productivity, dependency ratio and income on the insurance penetration rate in the period 2011-2021 and using PMG and ARDL methods to derive short-term and long-term equations in 18 countries with income High and low income and the country of Iran pays.
Findings: The results obtained from the estimation of long-term PMG models in high-income countries indicate a positive effect of dependency ratio, income level and fertility level on the insurance penetration rate, as well as a negative effect of inflation rate and labor productivity on the dependent variable, also in selected countries with high income. All the variables, except for education and dependency ratio, which had a positive and significant effect on the insurance penetration rate, are statistically meaningless. On the other hand, the findings from the estimation of the long-term ARDL model in Kesho Iran show the negative impact of the inflation rate on the insurance penetration rate and the positive impact of the education level, income level and dependency ratio on the insurance penetration rate.
