Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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As one of the most famous martial arts karate kata and kumite are two main ]1[. Different techniques when doing sports, including quadriceps muscles and joints (knee extensor muscles) and joint use. In this study, called the internal and external obliques broad kata and kumite athletes dominant leg when the two techniques were compared Znkutsudachi and Movashi Gray. Therefore, local and wide flat external obliques muscle activity during the two techniques in the dominant leg Karate Twenty healthy female elite athletes, (mean age 21/8) were recorded. After the onset of muscle activity was determined and the results of data processing using statistical techniques to design a mixed ANOVA between groups and within groups were examined. The results showed that flattened the internal oblique muscle Znkutsudachi techniques in kumite athletes Katakaran to be done first.

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Background: This study aimed to examine the effects of endurance swimming training during pregnancy on pregnant rat’s neonate liver tissue apoptotic index. Methods: 16 pregnant rats (200 ± 20 g) were divided into two swimming and control groups. The rats of training group were forced from first day of pregnancy to delivery in a particular pool. The sampling of the neonate liver tissue was performed two days after born and the liver apoptotic percent index was determined with TUNEL technique. Statistical analysis of the data was done using independent t-test (ɑ ≤0.05). Results: The results showed that the average neonate liver apoptotic index in the control and training group respectively was 6.40% and 6.20% that indicate no significant difference between two groups (p<0.05). In addition, exercise produced no significant changes in birth weight (p <0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that swimming endurance training during pregnancy maybe have no negative and worrying impact on neonate growth and liver apoptotic index.

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effect of 50 gr changes in sport shoes' weight on Vo2max and running economy during 15 minutes running protocol. Method: 15 active males (age of 24.60 ± 2.06; height of 178 ± 5.83 cm) were selected in this study. Subjects ittrcicitrap in a 15 minutes running protocol in three running speeds of 4, 6 and 8 km/h. Total time for each running speed was 5 minutes. Vo2max was measured using Metamax gas analyzer and running economy was determined by calculating the slope of vo2max changes during 15 minutes running. One way repeated measure ANOVA was used to test hypotheses (p<0.05). Results: Vo2 max increased significantly during 15 minutes running, however, no significant changes was observed in slope of Vo2 max when we increased 50 gr shoes' weight. Conclusion: 50 gr increases in sport shoes' weight could increase mean Vo2max but may not affect running economy in a 15 minutes running protocol.

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The purpose of this study was to compare effect of 4 weeks of strength training in two ways of accommodation and constant resistant methods on maximum strength and power of trained athletes. Sixteen Wushu athletes and wrestlers chosen from Tehran’s clubs with a mean age of 20.50 ±2.00years, height 174.34 ± 6.53cm, weight 70.22 ± 10.50 Kg, and body fat percent, 12.87 ±. 4. 23 participated in this study. After the initial testing of the variables of maximum strength (1RM), upper body power (medicine ball to throw, cm) lower body power (vertical jump, watt) Body fat percent (Skin Fold three point), limb circumference (cm) and Weight (kg), divided in two equal groups. Each group has done resistance strength training program for 4 weeks, three sessions per week, with 85% of their 1RM, with three sets and 5 repetitions with Squat and bench press exercises. But in case of accommodation group, 20% of their 1RM was used by chain through the full range of motion. At the end of the training, re-test of dependent variables were performed under similar conditions. Covariance analysis was used to compare the progressof power and strength between the two groups. This study showed that weight (p=0.391), limb circumferences (P=143), fat (P=0.413), the upper body power (P=0.267), lower body power (P=0.252) and the maximum upper body strength (P=0. 803) there was no significant difference between groups, but in case of maximum strength of lower body (P=0.04) there was significant difference between the two groups. In analyzing the results, although most variables did not show significant difference, but the effects sizeanalyzing of groups showed that in upper body power (ES=0.62), lower body power (ES= 0.64),upper body strength (ES=0.13)and lower body strength (ES=1.84), the results were in favor of accommodation group. This difference in the maximal strength in accommodation group were (62.15% in the upper body, 68.38% lower body) and in constant strength group (86.14% in the upper body, 84.21% in the lower body) respectively. Also the effect size of power for accommodation group were (97.6% upper body, 61.6% lower body) and in constant group (16.4% upper body, 67.4% lower body), respectively. This study showed that in order to increase maximal strength and power, accommodation training method is more effective than traditional constant training.

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Back ground: component of time on effectiveness and maintenance of corrective exercise has been always in the center of researchers’ attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks corrective exercise on lumbar lordosis angle and the changes of the lumbar lordosis angle after a 4 months period in the hyper-lordotic pre pubertal and pubertal school girls .
Methods: The 64 lumbar lordotic schoolgirl (10 and 17 years old)were included that randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=32) and control (n=32) The experimental groups performed corrective exercise for 8 weeks,3 session a week whereas control groups continued their usual physical and dietary activities. Lumbar lordosis angle values were measured before, after and then 4 months post training period by flexible ruler. Data were analyzed by using the variance analysis with repeated measure and α was 0.05.
Result: The result showed lumbar lordosis decreased in pre pubertal and pubertal girls (p>0.05). The means of lumbar lordosis increased in 2th post test(p>0.05) in experimental groups wheares There were no significant differences between means of lumbar lordosis in these time points in control group (P>0.05(
Conclusion: the result showed corrective exercise effect on lumbar lordosis angle in pre pubertal and pubertal students However, the effectiveness of training in pubertal has been much more effective than pre puberty .Also follow up findings showed the subject are required to participate in continual corrective exercise program and should not abandon training programe with desired result.

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Introduction: The present study examined the prevalence of back pain and its association with anxiety and
depression in nurses working in affiliated hospitals to social security organization in Isfahan city.
Research Method: The design of this research was descriptive-correlation and its population consisted of
815 nurses working in Shariati (510 subjects) and Gharazy hospitals (305 subjects). Research sample
included 244 (78 males and 166 females) with age range of 25 to 40 years and mean age 35/3±6/4 years
subjects selected using stratified random sampling method. Visual analog scale of pain questionnaire (VAS),
Katel Anxiety questionnaire and the Beck Depression questionnaire were used. Pearson correlation
coefficient and independent t-test were used in inferential statistic part. The data were analyzed with
significant level of 0/05, by SPSS 16.
Results: The results showed that 55/3% of nurses had mechanical acute or chronic low back pain. There
was a positive and significant correlation between low back pain and anxiety and depression in nurses (P ≤
0.05). Also there was no significant difference between the mean value of pain severity in male and female
nurses.
Conclusion: Due to the relationship between pain, anxiety and depression in nurses, attention to physical
and psychological factors simultaneously in the prevention and treatment of back pain in these patients is
recommended.

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Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an eight- week aerobic exercise on some immune system factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty – three women (age: 51.96 ± 7.73, weight: 72.37 ± 10 kg) were enrolled in the study voluntarily Methods: In this quasi – experimental random study, subjects were assigned to training and control group. The training group ( n=12)participated in aerobic exercises with the intensity of 65% reserve heart rate on stationary cycle ergometer three days a week. Both groups received the same medication during the study. Differences between groups were analyzed by independent t – test and differences inside groups were analyzed by dependent t-test. Patients' blood samples were taken before and after training period and the frequency of White blood cells, A
immunoglobulin and lymphocyte were also taken by standard methods. Results: After 8 weeks aerobic exercise, there was a significant decrease in white blood cells, BMI and also a significant increase (P<0/05).in A immunoglobulin and lymphocyte in training group. No significant differences were seen in variables between groups )P>0/05).Conclusion: It seems submaximal aerobic exercise can activate some immune system neutralization processes against damage and phagocyte factors.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of functional fatigue on the dynamic and static balance of male students aged 15 to 18 with different plantar arch. To measure the subjects' foot arch, the Navicular Drop Test was used. The subjects were then randomly divided into three groups of 22 members with different foot arches. Later on, SEBT test, Modified Stork Balance, Fatigue Protocol and Borg (RPE) scale were run. Using SPSS (version 18), the data were analyzed (p< .05); in particular, dependent t-tests, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test were run. The results showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of dynamic and static balance in all three groups. Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean difference of pre-test and post-test scores of the dynamic and static balance group of normal foot arch, the flat foot arch group and the cavus foot arch group. Meanwhile, the difference between flat and cavus foot group was not statistically significant. Due to the significant reduction in the balance of subjects with abnormal arch, the correction of the abnormality of the foot arch as well as the use of appropriate training courses are recommended to improve their physical fitness.

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The aim of this research was to study the effect of warm up with two different type intensity on plasma antioxidant enzymes and damage indices of lipid, protein and DNA after intensive activity in non-athlete males. 12 non athlete students of kharazmi University participated in this study. Firist, subjects VO_2peak were measured by Gas analyzer (Meta Max 3B) on the ergometer cycle with incremental test. Work rate in the low and high intensities of warm up were calculated for each subjects on the VO_2peak chart Then subjects in the three sessions with 48 hours interval divided to three groups of warm up with low and high intensity and non-warm. In each session resting blood sampling collected then first group warm up with low intensity (45-50% VO_2peak) for six minutes and then perform intensive activity The Second group performed warm up with high intensity (75-80% VO_2peak) and then intensive activity and third group directly without warm up performed intensive activity. Blood sampling collected after two hours of the intensive activity. In other sessions group members were changed by cross design method. Using analysis of variance with repeated measuring and the LSD test for statistic analyze. The results showed a significant differences in MDA, carbonyl-protein 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy Guanosine and also antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GPX companing to resting state. Main difference of MDA and SOD was not signifacnatly lower in the low intensity warm up state rather than other state. In the other variables non warm up state have lower value and intensity warm up state have higher value. Result of the study indicate that low intensity warm up can decreased lipid damage but not effected on the protein and DNA damage. Also, High intensity warm up can case increases all three type of damage. Therefore low intensity warm up in non-athlete males is better than the high intensity warm up.
 

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Stiffness is an index for determination of elastic properties of body and its optimum range is different in various
motion patterns. The Spring-mass model is used for calculating stiffness. In this method, the whole leg is modeled
with a linear simple spring. The aim of this study is determination of lower body stiffness and evaluation of its
correlation with agility, as dominant motion pattern in racket sports. 12 national-level male racket-players (age:
25±4 years & weight: 80±7 kg) participated voluntarily in this study. Leg and vertical stiffness were measured
during running on treadmill and hopping test. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the
relationships between stiffness and agility test records. Statistical significance was set at P< 0.05. There wasn’t
significant correlation with agility in this study. The reason could be of the contrast influence of knee and ankle
stiffness on performance. This problem requires separate evaluation of joint stiffness.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two pedaling methods on lower limb muscles fatigue
index and muscular activity in road cyclists. For this purpose eight road cyclists participated in two separately
session in laboratory. They were pedaling with pushing technique in first session and circling (pullingpushing)
technique in the other session. Surface electromyography activity of the Rectus Femoris, Vastus
Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosous, Gastrocnemius Medialis, Gastrocnemius
Lateralis and Tibialis Anterior muscles of the subjects were recorded. Each session was performed
according to predetermined protocol until exhaustion. There was a significant difference between pushing
and rest phases during two pedaling techniques with higher muscle activity in pushing technique. Subjects
during circling technique exhausted later. According to the results of this study, the circling technique caused
lower muscle activity consequently, increases gross efficiency. It is recommended that road cyclists utilize
the circling technique.

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Introduction and Purpose: The swimming start is very important for achieving better results in
competitions. The Purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two plyometric training techniques
both in aquatic and on land in two start techniques (grab and track) of butterfly swimming in Elite male
adolescent Swimmers.Methodology: 20 elite male swimmers divided into two groups of plyometric
exercises in water and land-based. Swimming performance variables including; anaerobic power of hands
and legs, 25 meter swimming record, The time of contact of head with water and the time of keeping
movement in water, Flying distance from the starting point to the end point of contact with water and the
distance of continuing movement after entering the water using both start techniques, the number of
movements of hands and legs in 13 meters butterfly swimming without start and glide. Data analysis was
performed with MANOVA test. Results: Significant difference was seen in the mean time of contact of head
with water in both start techniques (grab and track) of Butterfly swimming; in addition, there is significant
difference in mean number of hand movement and leg movement in butterfly swimming and the number of
hand and leg movement in full 13 meter butterfly swimming after polymeric exercise in two
groups.Discussion and conclusion: According to the findings of this study, using plyometric training
program led to an increase and improvement in the measured parameters, and use these exercises to
improve start swimming recommended

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One of the factors affecting jump-landing patterns is fatigue. Fatigue is an inevitable component of physical
activity, hence the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of functional fatigue on landing
mechanics through Landing Error Scoring System (LESS).Fourteen male college students with a mean age of
22±2 years, weight of 68.3±7.2 kg and height of 174±4 were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and
control. Effect of independent variable, fatigue, due to activities resembling athletic training or competition (6-
stations functional fatigue protocol) on dependent variable, landing mechanics, through pre test-post test was
investigated. The independent t-tests and non-parametric U-Mann Whitney test was used for statistical analysis
of data (P < 0.05). The results of the present study indicated the relationship between fatigue and attenuation of
landing mechanics (P=0.02), and therefore an increase in injury risk. Also it was shown that the effect of fatigue
on decreasing knee flexion angle at initial contact was significant (P=0.022). With regard to the results, it can be
concluded that functional fatigue induced by physical activities can alter landing mechanics, and increase loading
of lower extremity joints, particularly the knee. So the risk of injury in these joints may be increased.

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The aim of this study was to Compare the effect of resistance training with active and passive rest on aerobic
and anaerobic fitness in soccer players. For this purpose 16 players of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan club,
accidentally were divided into rest and active group (Height 177.78±6.68 cm, Weight 64.88±7.97 kg, age
18.22±0.83 years ,and percent fat 20.47±1.8) and rest passive group(Height 178.57±6.99 cm, Weight 64±
6.6kg, age 18±0.81 years ,and percent fat 20.05±1.7). The tests were performed in this order: maximal oxygen
consumption, maximal strength, Tmax, muscular endurance, Hoff and RAST test in the pre and post test. The
exercises were done for 8 weeks and twice week with 10 exercises of 30 to 50 percent of maximal strength
with this difference that the active rest group performed 3 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest
interval between 30 seconds was completed with 2 sets of 10 repetitions exercise in 30 second. The passive
group performed 4 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest interval between 30 seconds was
completed with 3 sets passive rest. After determining the normality by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and
homogenous variance test, independent and dependent t-tests with a significant level of α ≥ 0.05 were used.
The results indicate that after the training period, a significant difference was found in all variables exceptfatigue index in active rest group. But in passive rest group there were a significant difference in variables AT,
vVo2max, Tmax, performance of Hoff test, bench press muscular endurance and leg press strength from pre
test to post test. The results between groups indicated that there was a significant difference between two
groups in Vo2max, Tmax, AT, vVo2max, leg press muscular endurance, and mean power in benefits of active
rest group. Finally, the results showed that the resistance training with active rest causes improvements in
aerobic and anaerobic fitness of soccer players in comparison to resistance training with passive.

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The purpose of current study was to investigate the spatio-temporal gait parameters and knee varus angle
during walking at different speeds in young with knee varus. 18 subjects with varus deformity classified at
grade 3 of bowleg and 17 healthy subjects, volunteered to participate in this study. The following variables
include stance, swing, double support and cycle time, cadence, stride length, angle of varus at the heel
contact, midstance and toe off when walking on the treadmill at speeds of 80, 100 and 120 percent of
preferred walking speed, were measured from using the three-dimensional motion analysis system with six
optoelectronic cameras. The results of between-group tests showed that spatio-temporal gait parameters
in the varus group is similar to the normal group. Also varus angular variables in varus group, was indicate
higher values in comparison to the healthy group, but there were no significant differences. The results of
inter-group tests also showed the knee varus angle generally increases with increasing speed, that none of
the differences were not significant. According to the results, the increase in walking speed will caused to
increase knee varus angle. Therefore, walking with speed less than the normal walking speed, probably is
a suitable solution to reduce the loads exerted on the knee joint and prevention of premature osteoarthritis
in young with knee varus.

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Introduction and aim: The aim of present study was to assess the effect of six weeks Badminton training
on changes of stress and cortisol levels in non-athletic female students. Materials and Methods: In this
study estimated stress of 120 non-athlete students by stress questionnaire (HAD scale). Were measured
Among subjects who had suffered highest stress, 30 subjects with a mean age of 86/2 ± 22 years, height
56/5 ± 163 cm and weight 95/4 ± 57 kg were selected. Cortisol were measured by the bloodletting. The
subjects were divided into two experimental and control groups as homogeneous. But the control group did
not perform any activity. After training protocol variables were measured again in the same conditions. To
estimate the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable of the t-test and the independent ttest
to compare groups with a significance level (p <0/05) was used. Data were analyzed using spss and
Excel software.
Results: The results of this study showed that doing a six-week badminton practice reduces cortisol levels
(p =0.005), and decreasing stress (p =0.03) in the experimental group.
Conclusion: There was significant change in levels of cortisol and stress in experimental group.

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Introduction and Purpose: Due to the importance of functional balance tests assessment with emphasis on
parameters influencing the balance including somatotype, this study undertaken to determine the reliability of
functional balance tests (static, semi-dynamic and dynamic) in endomorphe healthy women within 24-34 years
old. Methodology: 25 female endomorphe with the average and standard deviation age of 27.32±2.13 yrs,
height of 161.13±6.37 cm and weight of 58.28±8.46 kg, participated in this study. Functional balance tests
were assessed while Heath-Carter approach applied to determine the participant somatotype. All the functional
balance tests are used for each individual three times within 72 hours. Data distribution normalization are
evaluated by means of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, while ICC was used for assessing the reliability at a
significance level of P<0.05. Results:The reliability of all static, semi-dynamic and dynamic balance tests used
in this study was confirmed with an endomorphe type body. Assessing static balance, the Stork and Angel
tests; semi-dynamic balance, Star Excursion Balance Test test; and dynamic balance, the Timed to Get Up
and Go and Tandem Walking tests got very good reliability level (ICC>0.80

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High-intensity interval training (HIT) induces skeletal muscle metabolic and performance adaptations that
resemble traditional endurance training despite a low total exercise volume. On the other hand, fatty acid
oxidation is increases in skeletal muscle with endurance training. This process is regulated in several sites,
including the transport of fatty acids across the plasma membrane. The transportation across this membrane is
recognized to be primarily protein mediated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of
low-volume high intensity interval training on protein content of sarcolemmal fatty acids transporters (FAT/CD36
and FABPpm) in young men. Twenty recreationally active young men were assigned to a HIT (n=10, 19.3 yr old,
67.2 kg body wt, and 172.7 cm ht) or Control (n=10, 19.7 yr old, 65.9 kg body wt, and 174.4 cm ht) group. HIT
group performed three training sessions per week over 4 weeks. Each session consisted of 8-11×60 s intervals
at ∼100% of peak power output elicited during a ramp VO2peak test separated by 75 s of recovery. Skeletal
muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsy samples were obtained before and after training. HIT increased (17.5%)VO2peak (p<0.05). Also, after 4 weeks low-volume HIT, sarcolemmal content of CD36 and FABPpm increased
14 and 25 percent ,respectively (p<0.05). Therefore, the results showed that the practical model of low-volume
HIT could increase aerobic capacity and sarcolemmal content of CD36 and FABPpm. The increase indicates
that the facilitation of in muscle fatty acid transportation can be adapted which in turn increases the fat oxidation
capacity.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soccer specific functional fatigue on hip and knee
joints angles during landing in professional players.15 soccer players with at least 2 years experience in
Kerman soccer clubs were selected randomly. To evaluate the lower extremity kinematics following
jumping and soccer specific- heading, three cameras (with50Hz) were used. To cause fatigue in subjects,
specific functional protocol similar to specific bangsbo soccer was used and Quantic sport v21 soft ware
was administrated for kinematic analysis of the recorded films. To statistical analyzing of data, descriptive
statistical methods, and paired-t test were administrated at α=0.05.Finding revealed that hip and knee
angles in sagittal and frontal plane in landing is influenced by functional fatigue. This results has been
reducing knee and hip flexion angles and increased varus in knee joint. Results demonstrated a more
erect landing posture due to a decrease in hip and knee flexion angles in the post fatigue condition.
However, functional fatigue significantly decrease lower extremity control ability in male soccer player
during landing.

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One of the most important success factors in most athletic competitions, receiving aerobic power (speed,
agility and jumping) high. Basketball is a great combination of short and long term activities that depend on
aerobic fitness. Anaerobic fitness of many players during the match determines tactical the performance.
The purpose of the present study to investigate the effects of strength exercises on anaerobic power and
some the variables related Traband it. The subjects consisted of 30 basketball players Young, randomly into
two equal groups of 15 subjects (experimental and control) were randomly assigned to 6 weeks and 3
sessions the Exercises were done in a week. To analyze the data, independent samples T-test and paired
sample T-test used at a significance level p ≤ 0/05. Later for six weeks of exercises, significant differences
between the records obtained from the anaerobic power the variables (speed, agility, vertical jump) were
observed between the two groups. The present study showed that the strength exercises with the variables
Traband improve anaerobic power in young basketball players and And according to the results of seem to
exercises Traband useful method for improving performance of the anaerobic the athletes.