Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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Performing a mental exertion during an exercise increase fatigue indices and the amount of fatigue seems to depend on the type of mental exertion. So, the purpose of the present study is comparing the effects of performing types of mental exertion during cycling exercise on fatigue indicators. Methods: 10 cyclist men with average peak power output 236 ± 36 W invited for 5 different sessions. In the first session, anthropometric characteristics and of cycling peak power output (PPO) have determined. In the next four sessions, cycling for 45-min at 65% PPO on the cycle ergometer with (Stroop, AX-CPT and PVT) or without mental exertion. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate were recorded while cycling every 10 min and cortisol concentration was measured before and 30 min after exercise finished. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to analyzing data. Results: Performing 45 minutes of Stroop mental exertion during cycling exercise increased RPE and cortisol concentration compared to cycling exercise alone (P˂0/05) but there is no differences between AX-CPT and PVT to cycling exercise alone. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that performing Stroop mental exertion during the cycling exercise than cycling exercise alone increase more the fatigue indices.

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Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms among individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The imbalance of inflammatory cytokines in the brain causes mental fatigue. It is believed that aerobic exercise may moderate the level of inflammation of cytokines and thus reduce mental fatigue. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of swimming aerobic training on pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) to evaluate mental fatigue in the brain of female mice after EAE induction. In this research, 21 mice (8 weeks old, 18 to 20 grams) were divided into 3 groups: healthy control, EAE control, and EAE swimming aerobic exercise. The animals in the training group performed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 4 weeks, 5 sessions per week, 30 minutes per session. The western blot method was used to analyze the research variables. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of IL-6 between the EAE group and swimming training, but the amount of IL10 in the swimming training group showed a significant increase compared to the EAE group. However, the ratio of IL 10/IL 6 values between the swimming training group with EAE was also not significant. It seems that moderate-intensity swimming aerobic exercises, without change in the pro-inflammatory factor, along with driving towards anti-inflammatory factors, with an increase in IL10, can lead to an improvement in the balance of the inflammatory index and a reduction in fatigue between the EAE group and swimming exercise.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of virtual education conditions and increasing sitting time on musculoskeletal status and physical activity of students during the corona pandemic. In the present study, standard Nordic musculoskeletal status and Beck physical activity questionnaires were used. The statistical population of the present study included male and female students of Farhangian University of Yazd Campus, of which 450 people participated in the present study as a sample. McNemar's, Mann–Whitney U and Spearman correlation tests were used at the significance level of P≤0.05. There was a significant difference between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulders, back, and waist before and during the coronavirus pandemic (P≤ 0.05). There was a significant relationship between physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between Internet Time usage and musculoskeletal disorders (p <0.05). Musculoskeletal disorders in students who did not follow the sitting pattern, in the neck (p <0.0001), shoulder (p = 0.006), wrist (p = 0.002), waist (p = 0.001) pelvis (P = 0.01) and knee (p = 0.001) were significant. The corona epidemic and the quarantine conditions may have adverse effects on the musculoskeletal condition of students, and prolonged sitting and non-observance of the principles of sitting aggravates these factors.

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Purpose: Neuromuscular and biomechanical factors in ACL injuries are among modifiable risk factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feedback and feed forward neuromuscular training on balance and isometric strength in female basketball players with a high risk of injury in Kerman.
Method: The present research is semi-experimental, prospective study and the subjects selected objectively based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.  Twenty women basketball players of Kerman city purposely selected and who were randomly divided into two groups of feed forward (age=15.73 ±0.78, weigh =61.38±9.09, height = 164.40 ±6.68) and feedback (age=14.70±1.33, weigh =56.31±8.38, height = 161.66±6.02) The training program designed based on the previous studies and conducted during 8 weeks, three sessions per week (each session 15 to 20 minutes) under the supervision of the examiner. Dynamic balance and isometric knee strength was measured using Biodex system and MMT device. One way ANCOVA was used for data analyze.
Result: The results showed significant differences between pre-post test balance Overall Stability index, internal/external index and Anterior/Posterior index (P=0.001).Significant difference was observed in the strength of quadriceps muscle and hamstring muscle between the two groups of feedback and feed forward exercises (P≥0.05). Also, the results of the paired sample t-test showed that Overall Stability in the feedback  and feedforward group (0.345% and 0.19%), Balance Anterior/Posterior in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.409% and 0.22%) and Balance Medial/Lateral in the feedback  and feedforward group(0.427% and 0.22%) has significantly improvement compared to the pre-test (p<0.002).Isometric Quadriceps strength in the post- test showed an significantly improvement of 2.16% in feedback group and 1.82% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001). Isometric hamstring strength in the post- test showed a significantly improvement of 2.07% in feedback group and 1.95% in feedforward group compared to the pre-test (P=0.001).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that neuromuscular training can enhanced balance and isometric strength, of women and training with feedback has more important  than training with feedforward.
Keywords: neuromuscular exercises, Injury prevention, Anterior cruciate ligament, Feedback

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Backgrounds: In order to remain competitive, athletes and coaches are constantly looking for ways to enhance performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on maximum oxygen consumption and respiratory efficiency of the players of Iran's men's national ice hockey team.
Method: In this semi-experimental study, 14 players of the Iranian national ice hockey team were divided into two HIFT and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask groups, then both HIFT groups and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask, performed HIFT training sessions with 30 seconds repetition and five sets for about an hour, three sessions a week for six weeks. Before and after the training session, anthropometry, body composition, maximum oxygen consumption (VO_2max) and respiratory efficiency (vE/VCO2) were measured using in-body device and gas analyzer. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test at the P<0.05.
Results: The results showed that HIFT exercise and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask have an increasing effect on VO2max in elite ice hockey men, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT exercise and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask on VO2max (P=0.390). After the training, vE/VCO2 decreased in both groups, but there was no difference between the effect of HIFT training and hypoxia mask on vE/VCO2 in elite ice hockey men (P<0.05).
Conclusion: According to the results, it seems that HIFT and HIFT exercise with hypoxia mask may be able to help improve the performance of respiratory system in elite ice hockey men.
 

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Warm up method can be considered as a strategy for improving athlete’s performance. The purpose of this study was to provide a useful data as warm up to improve the performance of athletes, including volleyball players by increasing their jump height. In the present review study by using the following keywords included Post-Activation Potentiation, Squat Jump, Warm-up, Volleyball, Jump Height, Force Plate, and electromyography the search process was done in Google scholar, the Pubmed databases and Scientific Information database and Google scholar. In the identification stage, 387 English and 15 Persian articles related to the mentioned keywords were found. Finally, the number of  English articles reached 42 and the number of Persian articles reached 6. The results of this review-descriptive study showed in the final stages of Post-Activation Potentiation warm-up, performing high intensity squats by creating acute changes in neuromuscular system can increase in jump height of athletes including volleyball players in match and practice.
 

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Purpose: Today, many new exercises are offered to strengthen central stability muscles, and CX WORX exercises are one of the new and useful exercises in this field. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CXWORX exercises on postural and functional stability, proprioception, strength and specific skill in basketball players with trunk defects.
Methods: The current research was a semi-experimental and applied type of research. For this purpose, 30 female basketball players with trunk defects were selected by available sampling and randomly placed in two control and training groups. Trunk defects were evaluated through the vine jump test, lower limb stability through the Flamingo test, functional stability of the upper limb and dynamic balance through the Y test. CXWORX exercises were performed for six weeks by the training group. After the exercises, the post-test was performed. dependent t-tests and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results of the research showed that six weeks of CXWORX exercises have a significant effect on improving the stability of upper limb function (P<0.05) and dynamic and static balance (P<0.05), and specific skill (P<0.05) in basketball players with trunk defects.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, it is suggested that the experts in the field of health and corrective movements use CX WORX exercises with the aim of increasing sports efficiency, increasing sports performance and specific skills of basketball players.

 

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Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods to weight loss, and improve cardiovascular factors such as blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of combining aerobic exercise (AE) and vegetarian diet (VD) on blood pressure and body weight in adults with overweight and obesity. The PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google scholar databases were searched until February 2023 for English articles, and 1065 articles were found. Meta-analyses were performed to compare the impact of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, blood pressure in adults with overweight and obesity. Data analysis was performed using random effect model and weighted mean differences (WMD). Also, the confidence interval of 95% was considered. Also, the I² test was used to determine heterogeneity, and the Funnel plot and Egger tests at a significant level of 0.1 were used to determine publication bias. The results of meta-analysis of 25 studies with 10192 adults showed that combined aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased in body weight [WMD=-4.63, (CI: -5.7 to -3.56), p=0.001], systolic blood pressure [WMD=-6.94, (CI: -7.86 to -6.01), p=0.001], and diastolic blood pressure [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.04 to -3.96), p=0.001], in adults with overweight and obesity.  The findings of the present meta-analysis suggest aerobic training alongside vegetarian diet as a non-medication approach for weight loss and blood pressure control in adults with overweight and/or obesity. In addition, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet with both types of duration (less than 12 weeks and more than 12 weeks) cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in adults with obesity and overweight.
 

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Abstract

Introduction: Previous studies have shown promising results in improving pain, disability, and kinesiophobia in chronic low back pain patients through pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control exercises. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control exercises with targeted cognitive motor control exercises alone in patients with chronic low back pain.
Materials and Methods: Fifty-four chronic low back pain patients (the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control exercises group, n=27 and the targeted cognitive motor control exercises only group, n=27) participated in this study. Pain (visual analogue scale), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), central sensitization inventory, and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale) were assessed at baseline and eight weeks after interventions. Repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed models with Bonferroni correction were used to examine between-group differences.
Results: A significant group × time interaction effect was found for pain (p=0.008), central sensitization inventory (p=0.002) and kinesiophobia (p<0.001) in the pain neuroscience education with targeted cognitive motor control exercises group compared to the targeted cognitive motor control exercises only group after eight weeks. Main effects of time were observed for pain, disability, and fear of movement after interventions (p<0.001). No significant group × time interaction effects was found for disability (p=0.50).
Conclusions: This study’s findings support the provision of pain neuroscience education as a clinically effective addition to targeted cognitive motor control exercises in chronic low back pain patients.
 

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Aim and Background: Ankle is one of the most common sports injuries caused by direct collisions with opposing players or the ground, tackles from inside and outside, jumping and landing. Among these injuries, external ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries that is associated with ankle instability. The purpose of this research is to compare balance exercises and hopping on the proprioception of athletes with functional ankle instability.
Materials and methods: 30 athletes with functional instability of the ankle were randomly divided into 2 study groups of the clinical trial. The first group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing hopping exercises (15 people), the second group included athletes with functional ankle instability doing balance exercises (15 people). At first, the proprioception of their ankle joint was evaluated with the help of photography, and then they did exercises for 6 weeks, and at the end, the proprioception of the ankle joint was evaluated again. SPSS version 20 software was used to analyze the data of this research.
Results: The results showed that balance and hopping exercises significantly reduced the absolute error of ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion reconstruction (p<0.05). Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups of balance exercises and hopping (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that balance and hopping exercises improved the proprioception of the ankle joint in athletes with functional instability of the ankle, and hopping exercises are more effective than balance exercises.
 

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 Rectal prolapse is a complication arising from internal sphincter dysfunction causing significant challenges. A primary factor in its development is pelvic floor muscle weakness. Accordingly, the present study aimed to compare the effects of core stabilization functional, EMS, and combined exercises on muscle strength and endurance of the pelvic floor in patients with rectal prolapse. In this semi-experimental study, with a design pre and post-test and a control group, 48 women with rectal prolapse in Isfahan with an average age=45.2 years and a BMI=26.2 kg/m2, were selected and divided into 4 groups(n= 12); Functional training, EMS training, Combined training and Control randomly. Functional training protocol consisted of 9 movements, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted for 30 minutes in the first week and gradually increased to 90 minutes in the 8 week. Also, EMS trainings were carried out for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 40 minutes, using EMS and Biofeedback devices. Furthermore, the combined training protocol was implemented for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week (in each session, at first EMS training and then functional training) for 40 minutes according to the overload principle. Strength and endurance of pelvic floor muscles were measured before and after the exercise program. In order to analyze the data, multivariate covariance and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used using SPSS 26 software at a significant level (P≥0.05). The results of the study showed a significant increase in the strength and endurance of the pelvic floor muscles in EMS and combined exercise groups (P≥0.05). However, in the functional exercises group, although an increase in the strength of the pelvic floor muscles was observed, this increase was not significant (p≥0.05). Also, the changes caused by the combined group on the variables were significantly more than the groups of functional and EMS exercises alone (P≥0.05). These results show the effect of electrical stimulation along with functional training on increasing the endurance and strength of the pelvic floor muscles, which, as a result, improves rectal prolapse. Therefore, it is suggested that sports therapy centers, doctors, and therapists use these methods, especially combined exercises, to improve rectal prolapse.

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Introduction and purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of acute glutamine supplementation along with intermittent exercise on Hsp70 and blood lactate response of club football players. Methodology: 32 players of the Tehran Railway team were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control, supplement, supplement-sports activity, and sports-activity. Subjects participated in daily exercises before conducting the study, and only two complementary groups - sports activity and sports activity - performed the periodic protocol. Blood samples were taken at baseline, pre-test, post-test and 90 minutes after the test. The supplement and placebo were consumed in an amount of 0.5 g/kgBW and a volume of 5 ml/kgBW one hour before the periodic protocol. The interval protocol included 3 stages of 20-minute running with an intensity of 80% of the maximum heart rate and a 5-minute rest of walking between the stages. HSP72 and blood lactate levels were measured using ELISA and enzymatic methods, respectively. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measures and the between-group factor at the P≤0.05 level. Findings: Glutamine supplement alone and together with exercise stimulate the response of HSP72 and the combination of supplement and exercise leads to a greater response of HSP72 and lactate changes did not play a role in this response. Discussion and conclusion: It seem that taking glutamine supplements in the long term creates more adaptations, which of course should be studied.
 

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Training exercises are known to affect depressed girls condition, but the effect of regular exercise in exhilarating environments, in particularly on markers related to epinephrine metabolism in depressed girls are not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine effect of the 6 weeks of intermittent walking in water on urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in the depressed girls. Twenty-four of girls' students, who suffering from moderate depression, randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The subjects in the training group performed the progressive walking exercise of 60-70% of maximal heart rate, 3 times a week and for 6 weeks. The Hamilton scale and urine samples were measured in before and after the mentioned exercise protocol. The urine MHPG sulphate was measured by HPLC-flurometric detection method. The data were analyzed by t- student and the Pearson correlation coefficient tests at p≤0/05 levels. The results showed the 6 weeks of exercise resulted in significant increase in the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max and significant decrease in Hamilton scale compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max (r= 0/65). However, there was a significant reversely correlation (r= - 0/52) between the urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in prediction of depression. These results emphasize the role of regular physical exercise, particularly in exhilarating environments in the promotion of depression state. Also, in some conditions can be used Hamilton scale instead of the urine MHPG sulphate detects.

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Background: In sports such as handball, tennis and volleyball the player need to involve the great loads over his shoulders. In these sports, players are predisposed to overuse injuries. Infraspinatus syndrome’s meaning is the painless weakness and atrophy of this muscle that observe following Suprascapularis nerve neuropathy. In this investigation we want to survey the effects of a short term of progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation on strength and electromyography in infraspinatus muscle. Method: 12 volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome were randomly divided to two groups: progressive endurance-strengthening training (6 persons, age 24/8±3/8, height 189/3±2/6, weight 83/8±7/9, sport background 9/4±2/5 and national team’s background 3/24±1/7) and electrical stimulation (6 persons, age 24/2±4/5, height 192/5±1/5, weight 86/2±6/4, sport background 8/5±4 and national team’s background 4/3±2/8). 20 persons of healthy players were considered to be as a control group (age 25/1±4/2, height 187/7±3/9, weight 75/6±7/1, sport history 9±3/8 and national team history 3/9±2/3), too. Therapeutic interventions performed for 8 weeks. Surface electromyography of infraspinatus and tress minor muscles and maximal isometric strength of external rotator muscles were measured before and after interventions. Data analyzing performed by SPSS.12 and we used of Paired sample T test and one-way ANOVA. Confidence level considered to be 95% (P<0.05). Results: After eight weeks, maximal isometric strength of external rotators in both experimental groups was increased significantly, but there were observed no significant changes in IEMG and RMSEMG. Conclusion: Progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation can result in increase of maximal isometric strength of shoulder external rotator muscles. But both therapeutic methods have no effect onelectromyograghic parameters in infraspinatus and tress minor muscles. It seems that we can't use of surface electromyography for detecting the effect of these protocols on above muscles (P<0/05).

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks of "Tai Chi"
exercise on some of physiological and psychological factors in elderly living in
Nursing Home. In this experimental study, 58 elderly male and female age
69.15±5.3 yr, height 154 ± 0.1 cm and weight 58.13 ±4.4 kg, lived in Sadeghie
Nursing Home were selected and objectively divided in experimental (n=27) and
control groups (n=30). The experimental group trained for 3 month, three
session per/week, and 30 minute in each session. Heart rate, blood pressure,
hands grip strength, flexibility, Berg balance scale, depression and quality of
sleep were measured before and after the exercise program. Data were
analyzed for group differences using covariance test. There was no significant
group difference in heart rate, blood pressure and flexibility. Hands grip
strength, quality of sleep and balance scales were significantly improved and
depression significantly decreased in experimental compared with control
group. So, it seems that using Tai Chi exercise can improve some of
physiological factors, depression and quality of sleep in elderly

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Background and aims:
In many communities, the sport as a method of therapy is used to improve the
disabled and veterans' health which has been a useful and effective. The aim of
this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise on general health and
serotonin levels in inactive veterans. Material and method: Based on semi
experimental design 40 veterans, 25 percent impaired and with age average
40/3±1/4, were selected and randomly divided into two experimental and control
groups. Subjects in the experimental group participated in a period of 12 week’s
aerobic exercise training program, which done 3 times a week at 50-65 percent
of Vo2max. Control group did not participate in any exercise program during
study period. General health of the subjects and its subscales was measured by
the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Serotonin levels, VO2max, percent
body fat and BMI before and after training for both groups were measured
respectively. Data were analyzed using t-tests at 5% alpha error level was
performed using SPSS version 16. Results: Data analysis showed significant
difference between the two groups in general health. The difference in
psychosomatic subscales, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and
depression were observed between two groups. Also, the results of this study
showed that after 12 weeks aerobic exercise, percent body fat, BMI and lipid
profile decreased significantly in training group. VO2max and serotonin also
increased significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion:
Aerobic exercise for inactive veterans maybe effective in reducing serotonin
levels and increasing general health and placed in line health promotion
programs.

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improves insulin resistance. However, the effect of training sessions a day is not
clear in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of one or
two sessions a day of exercise training, with equal intensity and duration, on
insulin resistance in sedentary middle-aged men. Materials & Methods: 30
sedentary middle-aged male volunteers (age=43.6±6.5 yr, weight=80.4±13.6kg,
height=174.1±5.5cm,BMI=26.5±3.6kg/m2،VO2max=35.46±6ml/kg) randomized to
the control (n=10), one session a day (n=10)and two sessions a day training
group( n=10). Exercise program consisted of 16 weeks, five days a week, tread
mill running which was implemented as one (30 minutes) or two sessions (2×15
minutes) a day. Training intensity was 40-50% of HRmax at first week and
reached to 70-80% at 16th week of the training. Measurements of fasting blood
samples (insulin, glucose and adiponectin), insulin resistance, cardiorespiratory
fitness, abdominal obesity and BMI were obtained at baseline and post
exercise. Paired t test and analysis of Variance were used to analyze the data.
Results: After 16 weeks of training, compared with the control group, a
significant reduction in blood glucose, abdominal obesity and BMI, and a
significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness were observed in the both
experimental groups; whereas insulin resistance remained unchanged, and
adiponectin was significantly increased only in the one session a day training
group. Conclusion: based on the findings it seems that, dividing the physical
activity session in two shorter parts can improve glucose profile, cardiorespiratory
fitness and obesity indicators the same as a continuous exercise session. But in
terms of increased adiponectin and decreased abdominal obesity, continuous
exercise session is more effective.

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Introduction: This research aimed to analyze the effect of 12 weeks aerobic exercise training on some
characteristics of immune system and general health of women with breast cancer. Methods: 40 female
with breast cancer, undertaking chemotherapy, were classified in exercise group with mean age of 36/9±13/2
years, weight of 67/2±9/95 kilograms and body mass index of 21/9±2/9 kg/m2 and control group with mean
age of 38/6±10/1 years, weight of 65/1±8/28 kilograms and body mass index of 21/4±2/1kg/m2. Exercise
group Perfored in 12 contionous weeks walking with moderate intensity (based on Modified-Borg scale and
40-60% Maximum Heart rate)/3 times a week/30-45 minutes in each session. General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ) was used for evaluating general health level. Before and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks CBC DIFF test was
conducted for aim of assessing some characteristics of immune system. CANCOVA was used to determine
the pure effect of exercise intervention. The data were analyzed with significant level of p≤0/05 and by SPSS
16. Results: General health and hope of life was decreased significantly after intervention in control group
(p≤0.05). Number of leukocytes of exercise group was higher after the exercise intervention, but this
difference was not significant, but number of leukocytes of control group was decreased significantly
(p≥0.05). Conclusion: Regular aerobic exercise with moderate intensity is an effective way in maintenance
the number of leukocytes, improving immune system and enhancing levels of general health.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks comprehensive corrective exercises
on upper Crossed syndrome. 40 female college students with forward head, forward shoulder, and kyphosis
voluntarily participated in this study and randomly divided to two experimental group (with mean age
21.60±1.70 years, height 159.78±5.11 cm, and weight 59.04±4.6 kg) and control group (with mean age
21.85±1.87 years, height 160.15±4.32 cm, and weight 58.42±5.76 kg). The experimental groups performed
comprehensive corrective exercises included eight weeks and three times per week. The angles of forward
head and forward shoulder were assessed using photographic taken from lateral view and Kyphosis angle
was assessed using flexible ruler (r=0.93) before and after eight weeks corrective exercises program. The
data was analyzed by SPSS (p≤0.05). On the base of findings, we suggest that experts in order to obtain
better results in their training programs, pay attention to correct abnormalities simultaneously, as a new
approach.