Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

Introduction: The purpose of the present study is to introduce and examine several genes that are related to people's sports performance and can be effective in their selection and selection in their favorite sports field. Various factors of physical fitness and training ability have been investigated along with the risk of sports injury and mental fitness of athletes.

Findings: The sports performance of people and the monitoring of sports exercises have been influenced by the vast genetic map and environmental interventions. In the present study, the performance of the aerobic system with the ACE gene and its different alleles, the strength and power performance of people with the ACTN3 gene, and the risk of injury of people with different genes such as COL1A1, COL5A1, Tenascin (TNC), apolipoprotein E and blood groups were investigated. It is a prediction; also, the trainability and mental preparation of people in the talent search process can be predicted and possibly measured by genetic knowledge. On the other hand, using the knowledge of genetics and genetic profiles of athletes can be useful for detecting genetic and cellular doping and help organizations that work in the prevention of doping, such as WADA.

Conclusion: The combination of genetic knowledge and environmental interventions play an effective role not only in discussing an athlete's talent, but also in monitoring and improving their performance. While genetics can play a significant role, the prediction of sports success based on genetic knowledge has been limited to a specific set of genes. However, developing this knowledge and identifying more genes that can aid in talent identification and exercise monitoring requires further research.

The fencing lunge is one of the most common and fundamental attacking moves in fencing. The aim of this study was to provide kinematical compare of upper extremity among elite female and male senior fencers when performing a lunge.  Four female and four male members of Iran National Team were selected as research sample. The subjects were filmed when performing a complete lunge with a camera of 300 Hz sampling rate to record their reactions to a light stimulus. To analyze the collected data, mean, standard deviation and student's-t test at significance level of p≤0.05 were used. The results revealed that elite male fencers had significantly shorter reaction and movement time comparing with elite female fencers. No major differences in other kinematic parameters indicate that elite male and female fencers performed lunge in similar way. The final conclusion of this study is that the existing differences in time of lunge technique may suggest the need for alternative training strategies to prepare fencing athletes.

The foot represents a small base of support as an important biomechanical parameter that the body maintains balance. It is assumed that postural stability performance could be affected by even minor alteration in the support surface in upright standing position. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if individuals with different foot types would demonstrate differences in static postural stability performance. Sixty adolescent girls were categorized into three groups depending on their bilateral foot types namely, pronated, supinated and rectus feet. Foot types defined by Navicular-drop measures. We measured static stability performance with the Balance Error Scoring System once firm and once on a foam surface. ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for statistical analyses (p<0.05). Results showed no significant differences between individuals with pronated and rectus feet were revealed for static stability scores while standing on the firm surface. Pronated group showed a poor balance performance while tested on the foam surface in comparison with rectus group. Subjects with supinated feet had a poorer static stability performance on both firm and foam surfaces than others groups. These results demonstrated that static stability performance could be affected by foot type

MS is a lifelong disease that could involve the person in different forms. Knowing balance characteristics of different types of this chronic disease helps the specialists for controlling their complications. The purpose of this study was to recognize static and dynamic balance of different type of MS and to compare MS patients with healthy individual. 54 MS women in three groups (27- Relapsing-Remitting, 16 secondary progressive, 11 primary progressive), 20 randomly healthful women have been elected. Static and dynamic balance test (dynamics with 8 degree), overall, lateral and anterior/posterior have been done by Biodex machinery from four groups. Kolmogorov-Smirnov inferential statistic test used to assess the normality of the data distribution and the chi-square test was used to examine the relationship within and between types of MS disease with normal. The parametric statistics tests including independent t-test applied at threshold 0.05. According to results, there are meaningful difference between overall balance index in static balance in different types of diseased women affected by MS (p<0.05). The Primary Progressive groups have weak, and Relapsing-Remitting MS group have strong static balance in comparison with other groups. Furthermore, meaningful difference shown through overall balance index in static mood in different type of disease women affected by MS (p<0.05). Difference between static balance index and dynamic was meaningful between control group and MS disease. Considering the findings of the study, women affected by relapsing-remitting type have better dynamic & static balance rather than progressive types. Static & dynamic balance in affected women was weaker than healthy women.

Training exercises are known to affect depressed girls condition, but the effect of regular exercise in exhilarating environments, in particularly on markers related to epinephrine metabolism in depressed girls are not well known. The purpose of the present study was to determine effect of the 6 weeks of intermittent walking in water on urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in the depressed girls. Twenty-four of girls' students, who suffering from moderate depression, randomly divided into exercise and control groups. The subjects in the training group performed the progressive walking exercise of 60-70% of maximal heart rate, 3 times a week and for 6 weeks. The Hamilton scale and urine samples were measured in before and after the mentioned exercise protocol. The urine MHPG sulphate was measured by HPLC-flurometric detection method. The data were analyzed by t- student and the Pearson correlation coefficient tests at p≤0/05 levels. The results showed the 6 weeks of exercise resulted in significant increase in the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max and significant decrease in Hamilton scale compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a significantly positive correlation between the urine MHPG sulphate and VO2max (r= 0/65). However, there was a significant reversely correlation (r= - 0/52) between the urine MHPG sulphate and Hamilton scale in prediction of depression. These results emphasize the role of regular physical exercise, particularly in exhilarating environments in the promotion of depression state. Also, in some conditions can be used Hamilton scale instead of the urine MHPG sulphate detects.

In this study, the effects of vibration training on physical fitness factors in elderly
females investigated. 40 subjects with age 61/09±6/24 yrs, weight 65/84±11/98
kg, height 156/99±5/06 cm and body mass index 26/64±4/23 kg/m2 voluntary
participated in this study and were divided in vibration (n=16), non-vibration
(n=14) and control (n=10) groups. The vibration group performed exercises on
the device (JET VIB) for 10 days with 35-40Hz frequency, 12 mm amplitude and
eight positions. The non-vibration group performed the same exercises (in
position, set and time) on the turned off device. The control group did not
exercise during the study. Leg and hand strength (dynamometer), flexibility (sit
and reach), balance (standing time on one leg) and body composition (skinfold
with caliper) were measured. Paired sample t test and one way ANOVA used
for data analysis. In within group analysis, vibration group showed significant
increase in right (p=0/02) and left hand strength (p=0/01), leg strength
(p=0/008), Flexibility (p=0/005) and left leg balance (p=0/006). In non vibration
group just significant increase in right hand strength (p=0/01). There was no
significant change in control group. Between group analysis showed, significant
increase in right (p=0/006) and left hand strength (p=0/003), leg strength
(p=0/004) and left leg balance (p=0/01) in vibration group comparison with to
other groups. There was no significant change in right leg balance (p=0/),
Flexibility (p=0/005) and body composition in any of groups. Due to the results
short term vibration training can improve flexibility, strength and balance in
elderly subjects.
 

In order to compare the acute effects of OR and Megabasic (two energy drinks)
by a placebo, 24 volunteer male athletes (age: 24.3±2.03 yrs, height
173.56±7.02cm and weight 75.43±3.07kg) participated in two consecutive
RAST tests by 40 min rest interval in between within 3 randomly divided groups.
There were six times blood sampling (before and also 2 and 4 min after than
both tests) in order to analyze blood lactate and PH levels (Gas analyzer) and
also the anaerobic indices (Peak, mean and mean power) was calculated. The
data corresponding to each group’s blood factors was compared by ANOVA for
repeated measurements (post hoc: Bonferoni), their changes between two
consecutive RAST tests was compared by ANOVA (post hoc: LSD) and
anaerobic power data for each group was compared using pair sample t test at
0.05 significance level. Results: Significant changes were observed in blood
lactate and PH levels during repeated measurements in both RAST tests at all
groups (p<0.05). There were also significant differences in the amount of the
changes in between the measurements between groups (p<0.05). Additionally,
Peak and min power only significantly increased in second RAST test rather
than first one and mean power also significantly decreased in both energy drink
groups between the first and second RAST tests (p<0.05). Conclusions:
Consumption of the OR can affect anaerobic power during short term repeated
interval activities. However, there are evident differences in between multiple
brands of energy drinks with regard to the amount of the modifications in the
changes at both blood lactate and PH levels, in spite of this fact that there is
any consensus in this field because of the lack of comprehensive researches.

The purpose of the present study was to compare some antropometric characteristics of 11-14 years old male students in high, average and low Socio-economic Status. 610 students from public schools in three educational districts of Isfahan were randomly selected by clustral method. Then the Subjects were located in three low, average and high Socioeconomic status groups. Height, weight, triceps and culf skinfold thichnesses were measured. Result showed that there were Significant differences between three groups in weight, triceps and culf skinfold thickness, sum of two skinfold thickness (culf and triceps) and percent body fat. Also there were no Significant differences between three qroups in BMI and height. Result showed that weight of students with high socioeconomic Status was greater than the Students with average and low socio economic Statues. Also the skinfold thickness of triceps, calf and percent body fat of students with high socioeconomic Status were greater than students in low socioeconomic status. It seems that the childreen in high socioeconomic status have more weight and fat than children in low socioeconomic status. Other researches have Concluded that the girls in high socioeconomic status have lower percent body fat compare to children in low socioeconomic status.

This study investigated the effect of water immersion and passive recovery on blood lactate and subsequent swimming performance. Ten trained female swimmers, age (17.8 ±2.2), height (164.55.8 cm), weight (59.29.9 kg), %BF (22.41.7) and BMI (21.85.4kg/m2) completed three experimental trials differing in 15 min recovery intervention three times a week with 48 hrs distance: land (sitting near the pool) (PAS), contrast water therapy (CWT) (alternating hot 40,2 min/cold 23,1min) and cold water immersion(CWI)(23 ). Before and after 100meters front crawl and each three
minute during of recovery blood lactate, heart rate and skin temperature were
recorded. Participants repeated 100meters front crawl after the recovery.
Repeated measure and LSD were used for data analysis. In all statistical
analyses, the threshold for significance was set at (p≤0.05). Results showed
that Heart rate decreased significantly in CWI toward PAS. Lactate removal was
largest in CWT compared to the PAS. Skin temperature and fatigue decreased
significantly after immersion and significant difference was observed in
subsequent performance after immersion toward PAS. So it seems immersion
conditions, can enhance quality of recovery.