Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of knee extensor and ankle
plantar flexor fatigue on dynamic balance among active elderly males. Fifteen
healthy individuals having age of 72±6.57 years, height of 168.4±4.8 cm and
weight of 70.5±7.4 kg without history of injuries at lower extremity, participated
in this study. Knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles fatigued with free
sets of fifty repeated of knee extension and ankle plantar flexion loading with
50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), while four minutes rest applied between
every set. Fatigue protocol applied for each muscle group after 72 hours rest at
same environment condition. Star excursion balance test (SEBT) used to
measure dynamic balance before and after applying fatigue protocol.
Dependent and independent t-test used for data analysis in significant level
0.05. Significant differences shown between pre and post reaching distance
using SEBT. The results also showed significant differences between decrease
of reaching distance in SEBT after applying muscle fatigue protocols in knee
extensor and ankle plantar flexor. Due to results, increasing lower limb muscle
endurance, especially at knee, recommended for training program designitation
for elderly subjects to achieve dynamic balance improvement.

Objective: KinesioTaping is a method for rehabilitation of patients and athletes.
The efficacy of taping to enhance proprioception precision and balance has
been studied. The effects on skin sensory receptors and limb consciousness
are mechanisms of taping but there is an important question that if the persons
pay attention to other task the effectiveness of taping is still exists or not?
Materials and Methods: Ten healthy persons with average age of 28±3/3
years¸ height of 161±4/1cm and weight of 52±14/1kg participated in this study.
The index of stability was assessed in five conditions standing on the BIODEX
ISOKIETIC Instrument. The examination five conditions were as following
order.1-standing barefoot for 20 second (dominant foot).2-standing and dual
tasking for 20 second.(Reverse numbering from digits between 100-150). 3-
standing with taping on proneal muscles for 20 second.4-standing with taping
and dual tasking for 20 second.5-first condition was repeated. Results:
However¸ there was not any significant difference between the Stability Index
(SI) of the test conditions in this study but the pattern of changes showed that
when volunteers performed dual task with or without tape the stability index
improved. Improvement of SI with taping was not considerable. Conclusion:
Taping has a little positive effect on stability but effects of dual tasking were
coincided with the non-linear U-shaped pattern of dual tasking effect. It means
that stability was improved by the dual tasking used in this study which may be
too light to decrease stability of the subjects. This finding showed that triple
reverse numbering is not enough difficulties to attention demand interferes the
stability of the subjects.

Background/aim: Many studies were shown the effect of type's recovery on
performance. Active recovery has been reported by some to promote greater
exercise capacity, while others have not confirmed these results. The aim of this
study was to determine the effect of three types of recovery during repeated
high-intensity endurance training on blood buffering capacity and H+
regulation. Design/method; the statistical population of this research was
physical education students studying at Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran.
Ten students participated in this study. Each individual completed a special
questionnaire to be healthy during the study period. On subsequent days they
performed repeated high-intensity endurance test (RHIET).The RHIET
consist of four bouts about 2; 30 minutes. Recovery periods of 5minutes were
allowed between bouts. RHIET differed in the kind of activity performed during
the recovery periods; Gouging at 63% maximum heart rate, stretching exercises
and lying supine. A sample of 5CC blood artery obtained from each individual
immediately after the last recovery period. Blood sample were sent to the
laboratory for homology test. Their buffering capacity was measured by
assessment of the following parameters: PH, PCO2, BB, HCO3
-, BE, O2-sat.
The ANOVA Repeated-Measures was use to analyze the data by spss16.
Results; Significant differences were shown between the active recovery and
the stretching exercises recovery and between the inactive recovery and the
stretching exercises recovery on PH, BB and between active recovery and the
inactive recovery on O2-sat (P≤0/05). There were no significant differences
between the active, inactive and stretching exercises recovery on HCO3
-, PCO2
and BE (p≤0/05). Conclusion; Therefore, this study has show that the inactive
recovery improve buffering capacity compared to the stretching exercises and
the active recovery. This finding is agreement with research dating Argyris
(2004), DuPont (2004), Buchheit (2009) and in agreement with research dating
Dorado (2004). Nick Draper (2006), De Geus Bas (2007). Alveolar gas
exchange can therefore increase due to slower heart rate and slower breathing
rate. The kidneys removal H+ and reabsorption HCO3
-. The body's metabolism
becomes lower and producing metabolic is decrease. Temp whole body
(muscle, blood) is decrease; oxygen is combined with the hemoglobin strongly.
Hence, PH is increase and buffering capacity is improved.

This study is aimed to evaluate the effect of 4 weeks swimming training with
chest wall restriction on aerobic power, cardio-respiratory functions and
swimming performance of elite female swimmers. 24 elite female swimmers
volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divide into two
groups: Control (swimming training without chest wall restriction) and
experimental group (swimming training with chest wall restriction). Both groups
were in a monthly swimming program (they trained 3 times a week for a total of
4 weeks). They swam almost 3.5 to 4 km/d with 70 – 85% of HRmax. Aerobic
power, pulmonary parameters, time to exhaustion and swimming performance
were measured. To analyze data, student t test was used. The results showed
that Time to exhaustion increased in group training with chest wall restrictor
(P=0/012). T-20 test results showed improvements in experimental group. No
significant difference was observed in VO2max, MVV, FVC, and FEV1/FVC in
two groups. Also there was no significant difference between the groups.
Therefore, the results showed that using chest elastic band in order to impose
more stress on respiratory muscles during exercise leads to some adaptations
in these muscles and it is associated with some improvements in exercise
performance.

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between success
on an over 6000m summit and results of physical fitness tests that normally are
performed by mountaineering federation to select mountaineers for climbing
high mountains. Therefore in this study, relationship between the results of
these tests in 8 female climbers (age, 34.4±8.7year, height, 163.9±5.9cm, body
mass, 60.6±3.8kg) and their performance and success while ascending Mera
Peak (6654m) were assessed. Results showed that none of the cooper test,
long jump, chin up, and sit up tests; and also weekly training volume, age, body
mass, BMI, and percent of body fat were significantly correlated to climbing
ability at altitude, summiting, or incidence of acute mountain sickness.
Summiting was only related to climbing ability over 5000m in 2 days before
summiting (p=0.039) and sleeping history over 3000m (p=0.002). In conclusion,
physical fitness near to sea level could not guaranty climbing ability, summiting,
and healthy mood at high altitude. Climbing and sleeping history at high altitude
may be better criteria for a successful upcoming climb.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different intensities
of physical activity on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in healthy
young women. For this purpose, 15 female students from volunteers were
randomly selected via questionnaire (group 1: mean age 22 ±1/8 years, BMI
20/81±1/91 kg/m2, n = 8. group 2: mean age 21 ±1/5 years, BMI 20/38 ± 1/66
kg/m2, n = 7). Each group ran 30 minutes at their particular (group 1: ٧0%
HRmax & group 2: ٨5% HRmax) activity on treadmill. Blood samples were
taken from all subjects for measurement of circulating endothelial progenitor
cells CD34+ and same Isotype control, white blood cells and platelets before
and10minutes after the test. The related T-test (paired) were used for
comparisons within a group , to compare variables between groups were used
one way of variance analysis (ANOVA) for determining the relationship between
variables were used Pearson correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was
accepted as a P value of <0.05. Results of this study showed that both
intensities of physical activity increased significantly the number of EPC, WBC
and Plt, this affects was higher in intensity 85% HRmax, but was not statistically
significant. Just was observed significant association between EPC and platelet.
In summary, can be expressed that physical activity with intensity 70% and 85%
HRmax can increase re-enthotelialisation due to mobilization of EPC, and with
attention to significant association between EPC and platelet these cell
mobilization may serve as a physiologic repair or compensation mechanism in
acute inflammatory injury.
 

The purpose of this study was to collect the norm of bio-energetic
characteristics of male and female elite and advanced Badminton players in
Iran based on gender differences. This is a descriptive research of the kind of
normative survey. Statistical population of the research includes all elite and
advanced male and female Badminton players in Iran during 2010 including 128
elite and advanced players, 64 male (mean age 19.92 + 3.4 yr. height 176.53 +
6.13 cm, weight 70.46 + 6.77 kg and competitive experience 9.27 + 2.68 yr) and
64 females (mean age 17.00 + 2.4 yr, height 163.90 + 5.87 cm, weight 56.18 +
5.75 kg and competitive experience 6.27 + 1.55 yr). The statistical sample was
equal to the statistical population. Regarding the specific characteristics and
demands of Badminton, aerobic power, alactic anaerobic power and lactic
anaerobic power were measured. Also based on the distribution of the obtained
scores, frequency tables and percentage points of the players were drawn
based on gender differences in order to collect the related norms, using spss-15
software. Then according to the percentage norm and Likert scale, players'
performance was classified. One sample t test was applied to compare bioenergetic
characteristics of national and world elite Badminton players. The
results of this study indicated that the average aerobic power of Iranian male
and female elite and advanced badminton players, respectively 55/16 and 44/05
ml/kg.min are significantly lower than the values for world male and female elite
badminton players which are 63 and 50 ml/kg.min (p  0.01). also, the average
of sergeant vertical height of Iranian male and female elite and advanced
badminton players accounting for 63 and 48 centimeters are again significantly
lower than the reported values for world male and female elite badminton
players as 75 and 56 centimeters (p  0.01) but lactic anaerobic power of male
and female Iranian elite and advanced badminton players was in a goodsituation. The results of study highlight an urge to review and pay more
attention to designing professional practices in order to improve and develop
the aforementioned factors.

The purpose of this study was to consider the effect of eight weeks aerobic
and strength training on serum PTH, calcium, albumin and alkaline
phosphatase in postmenopausal women.35 post menopause women, (55-70
years), of Jahandidegan center of Tehran were selected and randomly divided
to three groups as aerobic (n=12), strength (n=13) and control (n=10) groups.
Aerobic training program include jogging and aerobic movements, with 60-
70% MHR intensity(8 weeks, 3 times per week, 40minute per session), And
Strength training program with emphasize on main muscle groups (8 weeks, 3
times per week, 1 hour per session),with30-40%1RM,8-10rep,1set to 60-
80%1RM,8-10rep,1set . One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) used to
compare differences between groups. The results showed that PTH and
alkaline phosphatase significantly increase after aerobic and strength training
in comparison with control group (P≤0.05). But the significant difference was
not observed between these two groups. No significant difference was
observed in serum calcium between two trained and control groups (p≥0.05).
However a significant decrease was observed in strength group (P≤0.05).
Furthermore, the significant change was not observed in albomin after training
program. Increase in PTH and alkaline phosphatase concentrations in normal
range seem to promote anabolism procedure of bone formation. The result of
this study shows that both two type of training have same effects on bone
markers and hormonal factors.

Background: In sports such as handball, tennis and volleyball the player need to involve the great loads over his shoulders. In these sports, players are predisposed to overuse injuries. Infraspinatus syndrome’s meaning is the painless weakness and atrophy of this muscle that observe following Suprascapularis nerve neuropathy. In this investigation we want to survey the effects of a short term of progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation on strength and electromyography in infraspinatus muscle. Method: 12 volleyball players with Infraspinatus syndrome were randomly divided to two groups: progressive endurance-strengthening training (6 persons, age 24/8±3/8, height 189/3±2/6, weight 83/8±7/9, sport background 9/4±2/5 and national team’s background 3/24±1/7) and electrical stimulation (6 persons, age 24/2±4/5, height 192/5±1/5, weight 86/2±6/4, sport background 8/5±4 and national team’s background 4/3±2/8). 20 persons of healthy players were considered to be as a control group (age 25/1±4/2, height 187/7±3/9, weight 75/6±7/1, sport history 9±3/8 and national team history 3/9±2/3), too. Therapeutic interventions performed for 8 weeks. Surface electromyography of infraspinatus and tress minor muscles and maximal isometric strength of external rotator muscles were measured before and after interventions. Data analyzing performed by SPSS.12 and we used of Paired sample T test and one-way ANOVA. Confidence level considered to be 95% (P<0.05). Results: After eight weeks, maximal isometric strength of external rotators in both experimental groups was increased significantly, but there were observed no significant changes in IEMG and RMSEMG. Conclusion: Progressive endurance-strengthening training and electrical stimulation can result in increase of maximal isometric strength of shoulder external rotator muscles. But both therapeutic methods have no effect onelectromyograghic parameters in infraspinatus and tress minor muscles. It seems that we can't use of surface electromyography for detecting the effect of these protocols on above muscles (P<0/05).

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of basketball specific and general training on physical and physiological fitness in male basketball players trained. Methodology: The statistical population of this research was 18 basketball players trained invited to Asad Abad preparation camp. 12 players out of the total number participated in this study were ranked by fitness level and randomly assigned to a specific (N=6) and general training groups (N=6). Each player completed a special questionnaire to be healthy during the study period. The specific and general training groups have performed the trainings in interval model three sessions per week for 6 weeks; each session was 40 minutes. Results: Cohen’s effect coefficient percent and independent samples t-test were used to analyze the data collected in pre-test and post-test. Significant differences were shown in aerobic power, feet explosive power, fatigue index, fatigue percentage, maximum anaerobic power, mean anaerobic power, and running sprint (P≤0/05). There were no significant differences in maximum running sprint; total time repeated running sprint ability, minimum anaerobic power, agility, and distance running (P≤0/05). Conclusion: The results of this study have suggested that the basketball movement specific training circuit should be used to improve aerobic power, fatigue index, and fatigue percentage. Also, classical training has suggested in order improving feet explosive power, maximum anaerobic power, means anaerobic power, and running sprint.

Pull-up and modified pull-up tests are frequently used for shoulder muscles
endurance evaluation by physical educators. Despite of using these tests, the
difference of muscle activation pattern in pull-up and modified pull-up tests has
not been documented clearly. However, the role of some important muscles
such as anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, trapezius and latissimus dorsi have
not yet examined during these tests. This study aimed to determine effects of
pull-up and modified pull-up tests on the EMGs recordings from selected
muscles including anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, biceps, triceps, pectoralis
major, trapezius and latissimus dorsi. Ten able-bodied males (age: 25.32 ±
3.95 yrs; weight: 72.31 ± 7.24 kg) who were able to do at least 5 pull-ups were
selected to participate in the study. Surface electromyographic data were
recorded from selected muscles using De Luca and Basmajian’s method.
ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for comparison of
electromyographic activity in the selected muscles during pull-up and modified
pull-up tests (p  0.05). The results revealed that in modified pull-up test
anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid and trapezius muscles activation were
significantly higher in comparison with pull-up test, while the EMG activity of
biceps, triceps and pectoralis major was significantly higher in pull-up test.

Introduction: Whole Body Vibration (WBV) as a new method and supplement for neuromuscular training, cause mechanical stimulation in this system. Propose: The aim of present study was to determine the effect of Whole Body Vibration training (WBVT) on some factors of the physical fitness, growth hormone and IGF-1 concentration in trained girl students. Materials and methods: twenty female of physical education students with a mean and standard deviation of age (21.75 ± 2.2 Yr.), weight (54.25 ± 7.28 kg) and BMI (20.1± 2.44 kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: experimental (n=10) and control (n=10). WBVT for 10 days with frequencies 30 Hz and amplitude of 10 mm in six different body positions were performed. Blood samples were collected 24 hours before and after WBVT. Data were analyzed by dependent t test and paired t test. Results: The statistical analysis showed, WBVT lead to significant increase of strength, speed, power, growth hormone and IGF-1 concentrations in experimental group (P<0.05), while agility in this group was not significantly changed (P>0.05). Conclusion: WBV training program can be used as modern training methods and supplements along with other training methods to improve the levels of anabolic hormones and physical fitness factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl swimming and muscle fascicle length in 23 male young swimmers. The sample was divided into two groups by 25-m sprint front-crawl swimming performance: 14.6-15.7 s (S1, n=11) and 15.8-17 s (S2, n=12). Muscle thickness and pennation angle and fascicle length of the Biceps Brachii (only muscle thickness) and Triceps Brachii and Vastus Lateralis and Gastrocnemius Medialis and Lateralis muscles were measured by B-mode ultrasonography. S1 had a significantly greater Vastus Lateralis, Gastrocnemius Lateralis, and Triceps Brachii muscle thickness. Pennation angle only in Triceps Brachii was significantly smaller in S1. S1 in Vastus Lateralis, Gastrocnemius Lateralis, and Triceps Brachii muscles had significantly absolute longer fascicle length and in Vastus Lateralis and Triceps Brachii muscles, had relatively (relative to limb length) longer fascicle length. There was a significant relationship between sprint performance of front-crawl and absolute and relative fascicle length in Vastus Lateralis (absolute: r = -0.49, relative: r = -0.43) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (absolute: r = -0.47, relative: r = -0.42). It is concluded that muscle fascicle length is one of the effective factors on the sprint front-crawl swimming in young swimmers.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 6 weeks of core stability training on the balance of mentally retarded. Our subjects included 31 male mentally retarded students in two groups (control, 14 patients with a mean age of 11/07±3/02years, height 152±7/86cm) and (17experimental group with a mean age 11/23 ± 1/95years, height 147±7/07cm) and were A group of healthy students (15 subject with mean age 11/53±./516years,high 155± 4/77cm) of the random pare selected. The training program of experimental group that includes core stability exercises for 6 weeks, 3 times a week in the first two weeks experimental group performed exercise the 2 sets with 5 repetitions and two the second week of 2 sets with 10 repetitions and for evaluate used the dynamic balance Y test (r= 91%).From independent T-test was used to compare pre and post-test and one-way ANOVA test was used in order to compare inter-group differences.)p≤0.05(.Results showed that dynamic balance was significant in poster medial and on the whole, there was a significant difference between groups in posterior lateral and posterior medial directions. On base of the results of this research the core stability exercises can be performed for mental retarded and healthy people by coaches and teachers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using upper (Bench press) and lower body (Leg curl) exercise during rest interval on rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate production and quantity of lower body performance (Leg extension) with 75% 1RM (repetition maximum). 15 resistance trained men (age 20.9±1.9 years, height 175.6 ±4.5 cm and weight 74.8±5.2 kg) took part in four testing sessions with 48 hours recovery between sessions voluntarily. subjects completed randomly exercises during per session one models of leg extension exercise with inactive rest (L1), leg extension exercise with bench press and inactive rest (L2), and leg extension movement with leg curl and inactive rest of 3 min (L3) up to voluntary exhaustion. RPE and Lactate were measured before and after different exercises. For statistical analysis of data, two-way repeated measures and LSD post hoc tests were used. The result showed that all of three exercise models reduced the repetitions in continuous sets specially L2 model, and there were significant differences between sets (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between sustainability of repetitions in L2, L3 and L1, L3 exercise models (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between lactate production in L2, L3 and L1, L3 and RPE in all exercise models specially L2 model as positive difference (P<0.05). Therefore, it seems that use of combined exercise models, specially combined lower and upper body exercise, not only reduced all times of workout, but also attenuates rating of perceived exertion and lactate production, and maintains quantity of repetitions.

Technology can provide safety in physical practices and improving the
performance of these activities, so manufacturing of equipments for these
purposes has been considered widely. The aim of the present paper was design
and fabrication of three-axis accelerometer. hree acceleration sensors, three
gyroscopes for angular velocity measurement, a microcontroller for converting
analog data to digital, a semiconductor memory for storing the sampled data, a
rechargeable battery and a spreadsheet in MATLAB environment have been
used. In order to examine the validity of fabricated instrument, the earth gravity
acceleration in three perpendicular axes have been measured and compared
with 9.8m/S2. In order to examine the reliability of the fabricated accelerometer
the ICC and test-re-test method have been used. The results showed that the
accelerometer has both reliability and validity. Due to its special features, it
enables us to sample in the offline mode and wireless manner. Such system
may be used for

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks resistance
training (RT) on α -1A protein of pre-synaptic P-Q-type Calcium Channels in
FHL and soleus muscles of rats. 16 male wistar rats provided from razi institute,
randomly divided to 2 groups (Control-Sham; n=8 and Resistance Training; n=
8). Training group conducted 8 weeks (5 session/week) resistance program on
special 1 meter height ladder (divided by 26 stairs) with loading 30% body
weight (suspended from the tail) in the first week and increased to 200% BW in
the last week. Training includes 3 set of 4 reps. with 3 min. rest between sets.
Measuring α -1A protein with Western Blotting and independent T test showed
that the amount of this protein insignificantly increased in FHL muscles of RT
group (FHL: 77.88±10.67 vs. Control: 70.01± 6.28 and soleus: 72.71±19.72 vs.
Control: 72.57 ± 20.20). This insignificant increase in α -1A protein in FHL, can
shows an responsiveness of pre-synaptic P-Q-type Calcium Channels of
muscles following resistance training for improving Ach release from presynaptic
terminal, noted in NMJ adaptations . In conclusion, we can express
that probably resistance training can be a main factor for α -1A protein improving
in muscles and this case should be study in future investigations with high
volume and intensities training

After an ankle injury, residual symptoms can followed to recurrent sprain in
physical activity and 30% of its lead to functional ankle instability (FAI)
Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the isokinetic concentric and
eccentric torque measures of the ankle musculature to body weight in female
athletes with and without FAI.30 female athletes, who play in pro league of
Tehran, participated in this descriptive study. Participants were assessed using
questionnaire and clinical tests. Isokinetic measurement speed for inversion and
eversion was 60 and plantar flexion and dorsi flexion was 120 degree/
second.Data were analyzed by independent T- test.The results indicated a
significant difference in peak torque of concentric plantar flexor to body weight
in FAI and healthy groups (P<0.05).Therefore, concentric plantar flexion may be
an important contributing factor to FAI; this finding could also lead to more
effective protocols in the treatment and rehabilitation of FAI

Abstract
Identification of one karateka pave the way to reach the top honor. One of the
parameters affecting at success of kumite players is The performance velocity
of techniques. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship
between anthropometric characteristics with the performance velocity of Gyakuzuki
technique in Elite female Karatekas. Thirty-one senior female kumite
competitors of the Sepahan Mobarakeh Foolad karate team participated in this
study. Somatotype and The anthropometric profile were measured. Also, The
performance velocity of techniques was evaluated using quintic software. The
findings showed that The mean somatotype of Karatekas was 3.9 - 4.8 – 3.1
(values for endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph, respectively). The
Mesomorphic component strongly correlated with velocity of techniques Gyakuzuki.
While, The values height, sitting height and humorous bone length
negative correlated with velocity of technique Gyaku-zuki. The results indicated
that the somatotype and anthropometric characteristics influence on the
performance velocity of Gyaku-zuki technique

Youth swimming performance may be influenced by anthropometric,
physiology, and biomechanical factors. The purpose of this study was to
analyze the relationships between 50-m front-crawl swimming performance and
relevant anthropometrical (body height, body mass, body mass index, arm
span, shoulders width, thigh, leg and upper arm lengths), muscle architectural
(muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length) and biomechanical
(stroke rate, stroke length, and stroke index) parameters in male young
swimmers, with 13.86±0.86 years of age (n = 23). Multiple regression analysis
was used to examine the variance of the 50 meters front-crawl. Results indicate
that stroke index, muscle thickness of Vastus Lateralis, and stroke length
explained %89 (p < .01) of 50-m front-crawl swimming performance variability in
these young male swimmers, and stroke index was the best single predictor of
swimming performance (R2=0.519, p<0.001). To conclude, performance of
young male swimmers in the 50 meters front-crawl is determined predominantly
by biomechanical and muscle architectural factors, and must be considered
when predicting success in young swimmers