Research in Sport Medicine and Technology

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of knee extensor and ankle
plantar flexor fatigue on dynamic balance among active elderly males. Fifteen
healthy individuals having age of 72±6.57 years, height of 168.4±4.8 cm and
weight of 70.5±7.4 kg without history of injuries at lower extremity, participated
in this study. Knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles fatigued with free
sets of fifty repeated of knee extension and ankle plantar flexion loading with
50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), while four minutes rest applied between
every set. Fatigue protocol applied for each muscle group after 72 hours rest at
same environment condition. Star excursion balance test (SEBT) used to
measure dynamic balance before and after applying fatigue protocol.
Dependent and independent t-test used for data analysis in significant level
0.05. Significant differences shown between pre and post reaching distance
using SEBT. The results also showed significant differences between decrease
of reaching distance in SEBT after applying muscle fatigue protocols in knee
extensor and ankle plantar flexor. Due to results, increasing lower limb muscle
endurance, especially at knee, recommended for training program designitation
for elderly subjects to achieve dynamic balance improvement.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using upper (Bench press) and lower body (Leg curl) exercise during rest interval on rating of perceived exertion (RPE), lactate production and quantity of lower body performance (Leg extension) with 75% 1RM (repetition maximum). 15 resistance trained men (age 20.9±1.9 years, height 175.6 ±4.5 cm and weight 74.8±5.2 kg) took part in four testing sessions with 48 hours recovery between sessions voluntarily. subjects completed randomly exercises during per session one models of leg extension exercise with inactive rest (L1), leg extension exercise with bench press and inactive rest (L2), and leg extension movement with leg curl and inactive rest of 3 min (L3) up to voluntary exhaustion. RPE and Lactate were measured before and after different exercises. For statistical analysis of data, two-way repeated measures and LSD post hoc tests were used. The result showed that all of three exercise models reduced the repetitions in continuous sets specially L2 model, and there were significant differences between sets (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between sustainability of repetitions in L2, L3 and L1, L3 exercise models (P<0.05). Also, there was significant difference between lactate production in L2, L3 and L1, L3 and RPE in all exercise models specially L2 model as positive difference (P<0.05). Therefore, it seems that use of combined exercise models, specially combined lower and upper body exercise, not only reduced all times of workout, but also attenuates rating of perceived exertion and lactate production, and maintains quantity of repetitions.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks strength and
plyometric trainings on knee joint position sense. In this study, 45 male students
(21.7±2.17years, weight 69.7±7.89 kg, and height 177.2±5.83cm) volunteered
and selected as subjects to participate in this semi-empirical study. Subjects
divided in three groups include strength (n=15), plyometric (n=15) and control
(n=15). Strength group trained squat, leg flexion and leg extension and
plyometric group trained depth jump, Split squat jump, rim jump and box to box
depth jump. Joint position sense measured at three angles 30, 45 and 60
degrees in knee joint by Biodex Isokenitic system 3. One-way ANOVA was
used for analysis of data. Results of study showed that trainings significantly
improve the joint position sense in initial angel (30degree) on active
reproduction and in initial and final angels (30 and 60 degrees) on passive
reproduction. In addition, comparison of trainings revealed that strength training
in 30 degrees and plyometric training in 30 and 60 degrees significantly improve
the joint position sense. Between two methods of training only on passive
reproduction at 60 degree, significantly difference was observed (p≤0.05).
These protocols can use in rehabilitation to improve proprioception and
neuromuscular coordination.

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The aim of this study was to Compare the effect of resistance training with active and passive rest on aerobic
and anaerobic fitness in soccer players. For this purpose 16 players of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan club,
accidentally were divided into rest and active group (Height 177.78±6.68 cm, Weight 64.88±7.97 kg, age
18.22±0.83 years ,and percent fat 20.47±1.8) and rest passive group(Height 178.57±6.99 cm, Weight 64±
6.6kg, age 18±0.81 years ,and percent fat 20.05±1.7). The tests were performed in this order: maximal oxygen
consumption, maximal strength, Tmax, muscular endurance, Hoff and RAST test in the pre and post test. The
exercises were done for 8 weeks and twice week with 10 exercises of 30 to 50 percent of maximal strength
with this difference that the active rest group performed 3 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest
interval between 30 seconds was completed with 2 sets of 10 repetitions exercise in 30 second. The passive
group performed 4 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest interval between 30 seconds was
completed with 3 sets passive rest. After determining the normality by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and
homogenous variance test, independent and dependent t-tests with a significant level of α ≥ 0.05 were used.
The results indicate that after the training period, a significant difference was found in all variables exceptfatigue index in active rest group. But in passive rest group there were a significant difference in variables AT,
vVo2max, Tmax, performance of Hoff test, bench press muscular endurance and leg press strength from pre
test to post test. The results between groups indicated that there was a significant difference between two
groups in Vo2max, Tmax, AT, vVo2max, leg press muscular endurance, and mean power in benefits of active
rest group. Finally, the results showed that the resistance training with active rest causes improvements in
aerobic and anaerobic fitness of soccer players in comparison to resistance training with passive.

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Due to the necessity of screening injury the aim of this study was to screen the scores of Functional movement screening tests in active and inactive subject . The study population consisted of University Students aged 18 to 25 years out of which 50 students (25 active and 25 inactive) were selected. Functional Movement Screen by Cook were used for functional screening. After the normality of the overall scores for FMS, Independed-Samples T-Test was used in SPSS (version 16) to analyze the data at significant level of 0/05. According to the findings, overall scores of FMS was significantly different between active and inactive subjects (P=0/001). Cut-off point of 17 was obtained for all subjects. There was no significant difference in shoulder mobility and straight leg raise test scores in the active and inactive people but there was significant difference among the scores of other five tests This prospective study shows that due to the overall score FMS inactive people than in active people are more prone to injury.

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The aim of this study was comparing professional futsal practice sessions with and without blood flow restriction on angiogenesis and angiostatin stimulation in active young men. Among physical education students, 12 volunteer selected and randomly divided into two groups of exercise with and without blood restriction. All of the subjects did the 3 vs. 3 professional futsal practice in 6 repetition of two minutes. One minute determined as resting time between the repetitions. In exercise group with blood restriction, a cuff on the thighs with pressure of 140 Mm Hg were applied. The blood samples were collected before and after the exercise sessions to determine the ratio and values of VEGF and endostatin concentration. Elisa method was used to measure the variables. To determine within and between group differences, Paired T test and Independent T test were used respectively at significance level of 0.05. The results showed no significant differences for the measured variables between the groups. However, VEGF significantly decreased in the two groups after exercise session (P=0.002). The ratio of VEGF to endostatin significantly increased in exercise with blood flow restriction group (P=0.002), but not in the Exercise group (P=0.006). Interestingly, the endostatin concentration increased significantly after the trial (BFR: P=0.003, NONBFR: P=0.005). Blood lactate was significantly higher in exercise group with blood restriction(P=0.003). In conclusion, a professional futsal practice session can decrease blood level of VEGF and increase its endostatin. 

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