Induced pluripotent cells have been considered as one of the most recent and best cell sources for the cell therapy. In this study, the differentiation potency of human iPS cells, cultured on scaffolds, which can differentiate into definitive endodermal cells as precursor for hepatocytes, pancreatic and lung cells, was studied. Embryoid bodies composed of pluripotent cells, were seeded on electrospinning nanofiber scaffold. The cells were differentiated into definitive endoderm using IDE1. Expression of definitive endoderm markers including Sox17, FoxA2 and GSC were confirmed by immunocytochemistry staining and qRT-PCR analysis. In the present study, morphology and viability of cells were evaluated by utilizing a scanning electron microscopy and MTT assay, respectively. The results demonstrated the positive effect of 3D cultures, using suitable factors, on definitive endoderm differentiation.

Kasf forest, with an area of over 12 ha, running in the east-west direction and located at a distance of 20 kilometers in the north of the city of Bardaskan in a mountainous arid region. The minimum and maximum temperature of the area ranges between -10° C and +45° C. The average annual precipitation of the region is 155 mm.  The altitude of the forest is about 1600 m above sea level with a 15% slope. The vegetation of this forest was studied using floristic methods 2 years after a devastative fire and life forms and geographical distributions of plant species were determined. Sixty nine plant species belonged to 29 families (25 Dicots, 3 monocots and one gymnosperm). The largest families were the Lamiaceae with 11, Asteraceae with 9 and Caryophyllaceae with 5 species. The percentages of life forms were determined as follows: Therophytes with 36% (25 species), Hemicryptophytes with 29% (20 species), Chamaephytes with 16% (11 species), Phanerophytes with 13% (9 species) and Cryptophytes with 6% (4 species) of total investigated species. The high percentage of Hemicryptophytes indicated the dominance of cold mountainous climate and the presence of Asteraceae species such as harmala (Peganum harmala) showed that a severe disturbance had taken place in the region, which indicated a poor ecological administration in the studied region.

Microbial analysis of ground water, as the sole supplying water source in many areas, must be evaluated. Because the treatment of water cannot remove all pathogenic bacteria leaked from domestic wastewater, bacterial analysis of Bojnourd groundwater sources was performed. For this reason, membrane filter (MF) technique and Most Probable Number (MPN) method were used to evaluate the microbial quality of the water. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enteroccocus faecalis (E. faecalis) were traced as excremental indices. E. coli was detected from three out of six stations and E. faecalis was only isolated from one station. Although molecular techniques are very rapid and exact methods for detection of microbial community and can identify ‘Viable But Not Cultivable’ (VBNC) bacteria, they are unable to make a distinction between living and non-living microorganisms. By means of a standard technique, it is possible to study living and metabolically active microorganisms. Due to the detection of E.coli and E.feacalis in some stations the sanitization of groundwater must be revised to lessen the microbial population in this groundwater.

Cholestasis caused by the excessive accumulation of bile within the liver, due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Cholestasis side effects are associated directly or indirectly with the reduction of bile flow and the confinement of materials related to bile secretion (such as bile acids, bilirubin, and cholesterol). On the other hand, some factors such as opioids, alkaline phosphatase, endotoxin and nitric oxide increase in blood, which could cause tissue damage. Since water intake reduces during cholestasis and hypothalamic nuclei such as paraventricular and supraoptic nucleuses are involved in the regulation of body water; Therefore, in this study, the histopathological changes of hypothalamic nuclei were evaluated. Male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g were randomly divided into three groups. Three sets of seven groups were unoperated control, sham-operated and bile duct-ligated rats. The tissue samples were analyzed using histotechnique and light microscope. Brain tissue necrosis in paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus in cholestatic rats increased, but in the sham and control rats no changes were observed and also cholestasis caused wrinkle chromatic nuclei and increased thickness of hypothalamic nuclei. Because endotoxin causes tissue trauma, it is likely increased endotoxin may leads to tissue changes in the brain.

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) is one of the most important environmental challenges. Phytoremediation of oil-polluted soil depends on microorganisms of the rhizosphere. This study attempts to evaluate the microbial impact of Zea mays rhizosphere during a 60 day period using three different treatments: control soil, oil-polluted soil and oil-polluted soil including fertilizer (NH₄No₃, K₂HPO₄). Then, the rhizosphere bacteria were identified. The results showed that CFU per gram of control soil was higher than other treated soils, an indication of oil stress on microbial population. In addition, more bacterial diversity was observed in soils and different bacteria were isolated from the soils. Finally, the most resistant bacteria to the oil pollution were assayed. The assay of isolates indicated that all of those separated from the oil-polluted soil have the ability to produce biosurfactant in different quantities. Further investigation must be carried out to optimize the degradation of oil by these isolates. 

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the smoke of Verbascum speciocum leaves grown in 'Bouein Zahra' region, on the healing of skin lesions in Wistar rats. In this study in vivo conditions, 36 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The operation day was considered as day zero and the procedure took 10 days. After the end of the treatment, i.e., on the 14^th day, rats were killed by choloroform and samples were collected for histological analysis Masson trichrome and Vangason staining for collogen and hydroxyprolline amino acid OD assessment was applied. Studies in experimental groups exposed to the smoke of the leaves revealed that there was no increase in epidermis thickness, hair follicles diameter, skin, nor in the number and diameter of blood vessels as compared with control and sham groups. However, the amount of hair follicles was decreased. There was an increase in collogen diameter but this increase was not significant. But a significant increase was observed in OD of hydroxyl proline amino acid assessment (p<0.001) in experimental groups compared with sham and control groups. The results indicated that the use of smoke of V.speciocum leaves on the skin lesion had absolutely no increase on the wound healing ratios and its closure; it maximally could had very little effect on the proliferation as one step in the repair process, which needs further investigation.

This paper explores flora of Rudbar Alamut region in NE of Ghazvin province situated in the south slope of central Alborz Chain Mountains. Alamut is divided into two parts, upper Alamut and lower Alamut. The minimum height in the region is 1265 m, located in Shahrak village, while the maximum height is 4175 m, located in Siahlan Mountain. Average of annual precipitation is 368.3 mm and annual average temperature is 14ºC. This reveals that 642 species and subspecies belong to 373 genera and 76 plant families growing in the region. The largest families are Asteraceae with 88 species, Paoilionaceae with 64, Poaceae with 56, Lamiaceae with 48, Brassicaceae with‌ 46, Apiaceae with 41, Charyophyllaceae with 34 and Rosaceae with 30, respectively. Nearly 190 species are medicinal plants, of which 51 are used traditionally by local inhabitatants, 59 species are endemic, 37 species are poisonous for animal and rarely for man, 75 species are weeds, 119 species are forage, and 17 species are cultivated.

Salinity is one of the important environmental factors that limit plant growth and product. Grapes are classified as salt sensitive plants. This paper attempts to evaluate the salinity effects on membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant components and antioxidative enzymes activity in four grape genotypes (Vitis vinifera L., Gharashani, LaaleBidaneh, Sachagh and Shahroodi) that commonly grow in the regions around Urmia Salt Lake. We came to the conclusion that malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzymes activity increased significantly (P<0.05) in roots and leaves of all these genotypes. Gharashani and LaaleBidaneh genotypes showed higher antioxidative enzymes activity and lower membrane lipid peroxidation. Also, salinity had a significant effect on the accumulation of total phenolics content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in all genotypes. Gharashani genotype showed the highest total phenols and PAL activity. There was a significant positive correlation among antioxidant enzymes activity, total phenolics content and PAL activity in leaves of all genotypes. It seems that Gharashani and LaaleBidaneh genotypes have a better antioxidant system compared with others and show higher efficiency for salinity tolerance.

In this study the effect of iron of Fe (So₄)₂ (7H₂O( and probiotics BioPlus 2B on some blood parameters was investigated on 270 of Rutilus frisii kutum fry with total weight of 0.4±0.1 gr and total length of 3.9±0.3 cm  in nine treatments and triplicates during 60 days. Results showed that the highest number of red blood cells (RBCs) (1.65×10⁶± 1.55 per mm³⁾, hemoglobin concentration (7.36±0.15 g/dl), hematocrit concentration (24.03±0.85 %), MCV (1.45±1.48 Fl), MCH (46.29±0.25 pg) and lymphocyte (92±2) belong to treatment 5. The highest level of MCHC (34.65±0.67 g/dl) and the greatest level of white blood cells (6.6±100 per mm³) were observed in treatments 4 and 8, respectively. The findings of this research showed that treatment 5 contained the highest amount of iron (7 mg/kg of feed) and probiotics (CFC 1.6×10⁹) resulted in the highest amount of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH and lymphocytes in this study.

Cortisol is a corticosteroid hormon which has important effects on osmoregulation in marine fish. In this study the effect of oral cortisol on resistance (salinity stress in 12ppt during 7 days) in common carp (cyprinus carpio) fry was investigated. For this purpose, common carp (1.36±0.12 gr) was distributed in 3 treatments and 1 control group in 3 replicates and fed with commercial food containing 0 (control), 50, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1 food hydrocortisone during 8 weeks. At the end of the trial, hematocrit, biochemical blood parameters (glucose, calcium and total protein) and resistance of fish were determined. The results showed no significance in survival rates between treatments (p>0.05). Glucose levels in the control treatment was significantly lower than other treatments at the end of the trail by serological investigation (p<0.05). Fish were let in salinity stress and after 7 days all treatments showed a significant increase in the value of glucose (p<0.05). The highest value of glucose was observed in fish on fed 100 and 200mg hydrocortisone per kg^-1 food )73.04±1.40) (p<0.05) and the highest level of haematocrit was observed after stress in the control group (61.67±2.08) (p<0.05). Calcium Ionic factor showed a significant increase in all treatments except for the control treatment (11.17±0.31) (p<0.05) and the highest value was observed in fish fed 200 mg hydrocortisone per kg^-1. Total protein in fish treat-cortisol was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). The results of this study showed that oral administration of cortisol can improve the salinity resistance in the common carp fry

There are multiple neurotransmitters and neuromodulator systems mediating memory formation among which the endocannabinoid system plays a critical role in the memory formation by modulating the release of many neurotransmitters. Nucleus accumbens appears to have a site in the central of neuronal circuits of the limbic system and to be responsible for the integration and consolidation of inputs from other parts of the brain. In this study the influence of bilateral intra-nucleus accumbens shell microinjections of cannabinoid receptor agents on memory consolidation in adult male rats using passive avoidance task was investigated. The results showed that the intra-accumbens shell microinjection of ACPA as a CB1 receptor agonist (6 ng/rat) immediately after training decreased passive avoidance memory consolidation, while administration of its antagonist (AM251) at different doses did not affect passive avoidance memory consolidation. However, co-administration of AM251 (60 ng/rat) with an effective dose of ACPA prevented the impairment memory consolidation induced by ACPA. These results suggest that the accumbens shell cannabinoid system as a modulating system is involved in aversive memory consolidation including passive avoidance memory.

This study was carried out to show the effects of herbal supplement of Sangrovit on the growth parameters, blood biochemical factors, survival and resistance to salinity of the Caspian kutum fry. Fish (1±0.003 g) were divided into four groups fed on diets containing sangrovit at different levels: 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 % for 45 days. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of the fish fed on sangrovit diets (p<0.05). In addition, food conversion rate of fish fed on sangrovit diet was found to be significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the condition factor, glucose and total protein levels of the experimental groups and the control group (p>0.05). On the other hand, blood cholesterol of the Caspian kutum was significantly increased in the control group (190.17±0.013 mg dl^-1) in comparison to treatments sangrovit (p<0.05). Survival and resistance to salinity stress remained unaffected by dietary supplementation of sangrovit (p>0.05). The results of the present study also indicated that dietary Primalac beneficially affected the growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of the Caspian kutum fry. The findings of the present study indicated that the herbal supplement of sangrovit could improve the growth rate, feed utilization and blood biochemical parameters of the Caspian kutum fry.

Dittrichia graveolens (Asteraceae) is an aromatic and annual plant. The aim of this study is the evaluation of total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol content, the antioxidant activities and other important medicinal secondary metabolites of this plant. According to the results, the total amount of phenols and flavonoid in different plant organs of D. graveolens were different in a way that the content of total phenols and flavonoid in the flowers and leaves were significantly more than the stems and roots. The content of flavonol in the flowers, leaves and stems were not significantly different, and the lowest content was observed in the roots. In addition, the linear and significant correlation coefficient was found between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic compounds in the extracts of different organs of the plant. The main components in different extracts were Bornyl acetate and α-Cadinol in flower extract, Borneol, Bornyl acetate, Thymol and Calarene in leaf extract and PMAMOMPE, Safrole, Carvacryl acetate, Vulgarone B and Bornyl acetate in root extract. On the whole, the current results compared with the results of other researchers indicates the remarkable impact of plant habitat on the quality and quantity of pharmaceutical compounds in different organs of the plant

Danio rerio Hamilton, 1822 is one of the commercial ornamental fresh water fishes and living in tropical zones, of considerable economic value in our country. This study aimed at investigating the impact of Spirulina sp. on index color in Danio rerio. 360 individuals were randomly divided in 12 aquariums with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The dietary treatments included treatment 1 or control (commercial food with no supplement of Spirulina sp.), treatment 2 (commercial food with 0.5% supplement of Spirulina sp.), treatment 3 (commercial food with 1% supplement of Spirulina sp.) and treatment 4 (commercial food with 1.5% supplement of Spirulina sp.). In general, the use of Spirulina sp. in the diet of Danio rerio caused increase in body weight and specific growth rate, but increasing the amount of dietary of Spirulina sp. powder in the diet of Danio rerio during the breeding period of 60 days had no impact on the feed conversion ratio. There being no significant difference between treatments 1% and 1.5 %, treatment 1% of supplement Spirulina sp. was found to be the best treatment for growth in Danio rerio.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in women after lung cancer. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are among endogenous factors which are involved in many types of cancers, including breast cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the miRNAs, might change their biological activities such as their effects on oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Therefore some of miRNA’s SNPs are associated with the risk of different types of cancer, including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between SNP rs11614913 in mir196a2 and the risk of breast cancer. SNP rs11614913 in hsa-miR-196a2 analyzed in 100 breast cancer cases and 100 controls in women living in southern Iran. Polymorphism was identified by the PCR-RFLP method. The PCR product was digested with TaaI restriction enzyme which produced two bands with the length of 187bp and 196bp. The data from this case –control study were analyzed using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to reveal the associations of SNPs in miRNAs with breast cancer susceptibility. The C allele frequencies in patients and controls for miR-196a2 were 0.74 and 0.75, respectively. The genotype frequencies of TT, TC, and CC were 0.05, 0.42, and 0.53 for the patients and 0.06, 0.38, and 0.56 for the controls, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the genetic frequencies for this SNP were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The results of this study indicated no significant association between SNP rs11614913 in mir196a2 and the risk of breast cancer. 

It is clear that DNA concentration and biological detection devices have many applications in the fields of genetics and biotechnology. For this goal, some similar devices have been designed working with the laser light which the disadvantages of them are high prices and the use of significant amounts of sample volume. But this designed device which works with LED light has very cheap manufacturing cost. The amounts of DNA used in this device are very low, about a few micro-liters and measurement of small, fast and portable it is also the advantages of these devices. The Data recorded as voltage versus time and the Fourier transform the frequency domain. From the frequency curve, by using the Byrlambrt it is possible to obtain the relative concentrations of DNA, viruses and assays measuring DNA damage and many other applications. By use of this device, the concentration of DNA colored with three different pigments was measured.

Basolateral Amygdala is an important site of anxiety. Interactions between α-adrenergic and opioidergic systems in Basolateral amygdale were used for investigation anxiety and memory. The elevated plus-maze has been employed. The male wistar rats were used for this test. The site of BLA was cannulated bilaterally. Rats we injected morphine (4, 5.6 mg/kg) intraperitonealy, while clonidine (1, 2, 4 µg/rat) and yohimbin (0.5, 1,2 µg/rat) were injected to BLA. Open arm time percentage (%OAT), open arm entry (%0AE) and locomotor activity were determined by this behavioral test. Retention tested 24 hours later. Administration of morphine (6mg/kg) increased the OAT% in anxiety test, indicating anxiolytic-like effect. Intra Basolateral amygdala infusion of clonidine (4μg/rat) has an anxiolytic-like effect. While co-administration clonidine (4μg/rat) and in effective dose of morphine (4mg/kg) showed significant increase of OAT% in anxiety test; thus presenting anxiolytic response. Intra Basolateral amygdala administration of yohimbine (2μg/rat) decreased OAT% indicating of decrease anxiety-like behavior. While co-administration of intra Basolateral amygdala clonidine (4μg/rat) and effective dose of morphine (6mg/kg) showed a significant increase of OAT%, presenting anxiolytic response; co-administration of ineffective doses of morphine (4mg/kg) and yohimbine (1μg/rat) with the effective dose of clonidine (4μg/rat) showed that yohimbine could reverse the anxiolytic-like effect of morphine and clonidine. It should be noted that there are no significant changes in locomotor activity. The results indicate that morphine creates the compromise changes in adrenergic neurons of Basolateral amygdala by changing the α-adrenergic system on anxiety.                                                                                                                                                                  

Lung cancer is the most common cause of death worldwide and result in 1.4 million deaths per year. Lung cancer is the fifth most common cancer in Iran, with rates of 4.7 to 9.2 per 100 thousand populations. Despite the low incidence, survival is not promising. Identification of biological markers and their application in diagnosis of cancer could lead to early diagnosis and therefore longer survival rate in patients. In this study, we evaluated the association of SNP rs11614913 in mir-196a2 with risk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in population of southern Iran. SNP rs11614913 in miR-196a2 was assayed in 95 lung cancer patients and 100 controls. Polymorphism was determined by RFLP-PCR. The PCR product was digested with TaaI (5’ ACN^GT) which generated two bands (187bp and 196bp) in TT, three bands (187bp, 196bp and 383bp) in TC and one bandn(383bp) in CC individuals. Analysis of electrophoretic pattern of digestion products revealed that the frequencies of C allele for SNP rs11614913 miR-196a2 were 0.695 in patients and 0.76 in controls. As a result, the genotype frequencies of TT, TC and CC were 0.074, 0.463 and 0.463 in patients and 0.06, 0.36 and 0.58 in controls. The statistical analysis indicates the presence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium between the two alleles of the gene in the population studied (p>0.05). Based on the results in this study, no significant association between SNP rs11614913 and susceptibility to NSCLC was found. However, male participants who possess TC/TT genotypes showed high risk for NSCLC compared to those possessed CC genotypes (recessive genetic model).

Chemical pesticides possess toxic and destructive impacts on the reproductive system and disrupt endocrine function. In this experimental study, the effect of movento, as a chemical pesticide, was investigated in comparison with chitosan, a biological pesticide, on the female reproductive system in vivo. In this study, 56 mice were randomly dived into 7 groups including control and experimental groups treated with movento and chitosan. After a 21-day treatment, mice were killed and their ovaries and blood being collected. In addition, the samples were fixed and stained with H & E method. The results exhibited that treatment with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg chitosan had no significant effect on the number and diameter of primary, secondary and antral follicles, while these items were significantly reduced in 10 mg/kg ch-itosan group and all movento-treated groups as well. In addition, the level of sexual hormones, such as estradiol, FSH and LH, was decreased in 10 mg/kg chitosan group and all movento-treated groups in comparison with the control gr-oup. The findings showed that movento affected the sexual hormone levels, ovary and ovarian follicle structure and in-duced abnormality in female reproductive system, while chitosan, as a biological pesticide, should be used due to its minimum effects on female reproductive system

Lipase is one of the most important hydrolytic enzymes widely used in various commercial activities such as food, dairy, pharmaceutical and detergent inducteries. In this experiment, Taguchi method was attempted as a powerful method to optimize the factors affecting enzyme production and to investigate the interactions among these factors and their optimum combination in Salinivibrio sp. SA2. The optimum conditions for pH, temperature, shaker's rpm, olive oil concentration and salt type turned out to be 8, 35 °C, 100 rpm, 2% and sodium chloride 1 M, respectively. Significant factors influencing on the lipase production proved to be pH, agitation and Salt type. The maximum lipase activity in optimum condition and at the 5% significance level (p< 0.05) was 120.4 U/mg.