Economy

Drought is a natural disaster resulting in many damages to human life and natural ecosystems which is different from other kinds of disasters such as flood, hurricanes and earthquakes. As a result of this phenomenon, the level of surface water and ground water decrease dramatically and it is followed by various negative impacts on all aspects of villagers' life especially on economic aspect and agriculture structure. Frequent droughts result in more and more vulnerability of rural societies for facing present droughts, in a way that in some societies the basic challenge for many vulnerable households regarding the drought is survival. The economy of studied villages in Sirvan and Chardavol counties is dependent on agriculture activity. In the past years and before the occurrence of drought, these two counties were considered as a focal point for rice cultivation in Ilam province. In recent years, agriculture section is affected severely and water lands turned to be arid during the year because of climate changes and following that the occurrence of drought and its impacts on water resources, such as drying of seasonal and permanent rivers (Chardavol River) or decrease in agriculture water in the studied counties. According to the agricultural statistics released by Agriculture Organization of Ilam province, proportion of area under irrigated cereals as the dominant cultivation in two counties, Sirvan and Chardavol, in 74-75 crop year was 1530 and 6124 hectare respectively which has been decreased to 35 and 830 hectare in 90-91 crop year. These changes result in many problems in social and economic structure of rural districts in these counties. These problems in the studied rural societies are increase in unemployment, decrease in agricultural productions, decrease in income level and saving of households, increase of fake jobs. So, according to the necessity and importance of the issue, this survey aims to study economic impacts of drought on rural districts which are dependent on agriculture activities in Sirvan and Chardavol in order to answer the question that "What are the impacts of drought on economy of rural districts which are dependent on agriculture activities in Sirvan and Chardavol?"

This survey is a descriptive- analytic one. The population includes all the farmers of Sirvan and Chardavol counties (N= 8099) and regarding the condition of the studied society, we used multistage hierarchical sampling method. Therefore, after determining the samples by using Cochran's Formula which was calculated 367 people, we determined the portion of each rural district and available village out of samples using multi-stage hierarchical sampling method and according to portion principle for each county's portion (103 people from Sirvan county and 264 people from Chardavol). Therefore, after determining the samples by using Cochran's Formula which was calculated 367 people, we determined the portion of each rural district and available villages out of samples using multi-stage hierarchical sampling method and according to portion principle for each county's portion (103 people from Sirvan county and 264 people from Chardavol). Questionnaires were the data collection tools in this survey. The questionnaires are divided to two parts: the first part includes questions about personal and social characteristics of the farmers such as age, sex, education, and their agriculture activities' experiences, water resources before and after drought, the amount and the type of owned land. Second part includes items in the case of drought impacts on economy of rural districts. Since the target villages are dependent on agriculture activities and farming, therefore, the resulted structural and functional impacts of drought on agriculture section such as areas under agriculture production, production, the process of planting and harvesting the crops, income and farming costs, investment and savings by farmers, employment in agriculture section and the number of employees are considered as indicators of drought impacts on economy of rural districts and these items have been questioned. The validity ofdata collection tool was confirmed by experts. Its stability has been achieved by performing pretest and calculation of Alfa Cronbach (0.797). To analysis the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics have been used including factor analysis. To assess suitability of the data by factor analysis, KMO and Bartlett test have been used. All the statistical calculations in this study have been done by SPSS version 20 for windows. Sirvan and Chardavol counties are located in Ilam province in the west of Iran. Chardavol County is divided to two districts; 5 rural districts and two cities; Sirvan County has one district, three rural districts and a city; according to 1390 census, Chardavol County’s population is 55225 and the rural population is 37981. Sirvan population is 16948 and its rural population is 13047. Economic structure of these counties is dependent on agriculture and their major water resources are Chardavol River and Simereh River which are almost dry because of recent drought and also the amount of water in Simireh River in two stations, Halilan and Sazbon, decreased up to 90 and 82 percent respectively in 2007-2008 water year.

Drought is one of the most persistent and most harmful natural disaster regarding the economy of the region which not only affect the agriculture quickly and directly but also it is followed by indirect and harmful impacts as a result of disorder in natural growth of agricultural productions. The results of factor analysis showed that the recent drought resulted in negative impacts on the economy of the rural districts in two counties, Sirvan and Chardavol. Drought impacts on rural districts in Sirvan County are four impacts including: decrease in production, increase in farmers' debts, poverty and change in approaches to agriculture. The results of factor analysis in Chardavol county shows that many changes happened in the economy of rural districts of this region too because of the occurrence of drought including economic crisis, poverty, change in approaches to agriculture and the debt crisis. According to the obtained results, in Sirvan County, the first and the most important impact of drought on economy of villages which are dependent on agriculture activity is decrease in production.

 Introduction
Proper land use requires knowledge of environmental power, and then knowledge about environmental capacity in management and economic planning, along with their protection, will bring economic growth and development. Therefore, there is a close and undeniable connection between the environmental capacity of an area and its function. The assessment of environmental capacity is based on the indicators appropriate to the type of zoning and mathematical rules. It aims to adjust the land use according to the region's characteristics to promote economic goals and preserve the environment.
Climatic and natural conditions are essential factors in the production and determination of plant species, and land use depends on the quality of these factors. Parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and humidity are crucial for the growth and development of different trees, including the walnut tree. The walnut tree is deciduous, large and wide from the broad-leaved group belonging to the Juglandaceae family and the Juglans genus with 21 species. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the walnut tree, such as wood, bark, leaves, and kernels, make it possible to use it in various industries such as soap making, paper making, wood and furniture industry, oil wells, oil extraction, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and dyeing, nutrition, purification of heavy metals from water and cleaning of soft metals, bulking of adhesives, with commercial and economic purposes. Therefore, the planting of this type of plant in susceptible rural areas, according to the 20-year vision document, in which special attention is paid to non-oil exports, including agricultural products, its export improves foreign exchange earnings and the economic growth of the villages. Therefore, considering the forestry value (wood value) and the edible seeds, the creation of uniform orchards of walnut trees requires the assessment of the capability of the regions according to the environmental components. 

 Methodology
The research method is based on the objectives of applied research and is descriptive-analytical. In this research, the desired data was collected from the organizations and scientific centers of the Ardabil province from 2007 to 2020. Then, after collecting and sorting, digitization was done, and finally, the layers were combined with the fuzzy coefficient operator model. Furthermore, the final map was obtained in 4 categories: desirable, suitable, relatively suitable and unsuitable in the GIS environment.

Discussion and conclusion
Even though the high sensitivity of the walnut tree to maximum wind speed and temperature thresholds (during the growth period and at the time of fruit ripening), the temperature is not considered a limiting factor for the planting of walnut trees in the province villages. The study of the average relative humidity of the air indicates that except for the villages of Pars-Abad and Bileh-Swar, Ardabil, the rest of the places are favorable and ideal for the growth of walnut trees. The investigation of the rainfall situation in Ardabil Province showed that the experts should supervise the planting of walnut due to the inappropriate amount of rainfall in Sarein, Nemin, Pars-Abad, and Ardabil.
Gardening at heights above and below sea level, such as Sablan, Talesh, Ghoshe-dagh, Bezghosh, Ag-dagh and Jalga Maghan mountains in Ardabil province, is a limiting factor in the planting of walnut trees. When planting at altitudes lower than 1500 meters above sea level, it is better to use species such as Chandler and Howard. For altitudes higher than 1500 meters above sea level, it is better to use Fernor species. The slope is not a limiting factor for the planting of walnut in the villages of this province, except in parts of Meshkinshahr, Ardabil, Khalkhal and Kausar. The final zoning map indicated that the areas with almost mild winters and dry summers, annual rainfall, relative humidity and moderate to good wind speed had a high potential for planting walnut orchards. According to the final map, of 17,824.6 square kilometers of ​​Ardabil province, 7,773 square kilometers are favorable areas (43.60 percent), 4,681.6 square kilometers are suitable (26.28 percent), 4,809.3 square kilometers are relatively suitable (26.98 percent), and 560.7 square kilometers are unsuitable (3.14 percent). Regarding geographic location, the ideal and favorable lands for walnut planting include the northern, central and eastern parts of the province, which includes 43% of the province.
 

 Introduction
Nowadays, one of the main challenges for the existing and growing human population is food providing. The use of water resources such as natural lakes, reservoirs, dams and rivers are crucial for accessing new food sources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the construction of Azad dam with an emphasis on structural changes in the affected villages. Water as key of life has a special place in geographical studies. Water is the vital factors to activate of human in its environment because the relationship of human with natural environment without water resource or access will be without support. Therefore, people have always been searching for means to access water. Among these ways, dams play crucial role in storage of current water resource, and storage of water behind dams can be used in different ways.  Technology to control, manage, storage and transfer water, besides producing energy, is important for sustainable management of water resources to reach an optimum situation and consumption. The economic evaluation of activities for dams is important in two views: first to optimize allocation and second to justify dams for stakeholders. The current study aims to evaluate the constructed Azad dam in Kalatarzan District, Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. So this study analyzes economic issues in view of people who live the dam base on tangible benefits and costs using benefit-cost method from merely available data and not necessarily long run profits and losses.     

 Methodology
Respondents were selected by simple random sampling method. The statistical population includes the heads of households living in the villages along the Azad Dam in the Kalatarzan District. Data were collected through a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews in 2021.  146 respondent were determined and asked. Descriptive statistics and cost-benefit model were used to analyze the research data. The number of villages around dam are four.

Discussion and conclusion
The study regarded the decrease in the value of changes in agricultural production (after construction compared to before) and the value of benefits and costs of the dam for the villagers around the dam. The results showed that the total benefits and cost are 65557.3 and 146368.14 million Tomans (IR), respectively. Also, the benefit-cost ratio (at a discount rate of 18 per cent) is 0.4480. As a result, the project of constructing Azad dam for those who live around it has no economic justification. However, the evaluation of results may change, considering all other positive effects such as tourism extension, employment for local people to manage the dam, fishing activities and hunting or negative effects like fast changing of living pattern, climate changes, increase of activity constraints due to live around dam. More specifically, the number of households before dam were about 209 and after that reached to 179 due to decrease of agricultural land that have been sold to dam project. To compensate this loss, a deeper investigation may help to increase labor productivity and hold human capital over there. If human capital will be enhanced in the study area, more value will be added due to the investment and consequently reduced population will be compensated.  
According to the area capacity, there are lot of economic opportunity which can take place after dam construction. According to the results, we recommend to establish a study regarding to find out the optimum cropping pattern to increase the income and reduce the losses. Added value of storage water in the area may guarantee investment to constructed dam and its safety. Therefore, the policy maker should provide the complementary activities emphasizing people culture and area advantages.