Economy

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The present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing economic factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture in Tabriz County. The population of this study consists of producers and consumers. the community of producers in the County is composed of 28 people. Due to their limited number, they were studied in full. In the consumer community, the sample size was estimated to be 384 people, but to achieve better results, 391 questionnaires were completed. In order to analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used in Smart PLS software and one-sample t-tests and Friedman in SPSS software. The results of the measurement model indicate that the factor loadings of the observed agents with their hidden variables have significant values, and the observed agents have measured their hidden variables well. The highest factor load has been estimated for the indicators of the effect of a high price on the amount and volume of purchases and awareness of the benefits of purchasing a specific product brand. Also, the results of the structural model show that there is a significant structural relationship between price perception, providing support facilities, product distribution, product preparation method, product price, product features, product quality, and willingness to pay. The obtained values of t, the average and the upper and lower limits of the factors affecting the acceptance of organic agriculture from the producers' point of view, had values higher than the set standard. The results of Friedman's test showed that the price of the product has the highest importance and the provision of support facilities has the lowest importance. Also, factors such as having high prices for products, costs and prices offered for a specific brand, an appropriate marketing system, etc. are among the factors that have affected the economic aspect of adopting organic agriculture. 

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 Considering the country's need for livestock products, it is very necessary to establish and develop dairy cattle breeding units in the country. On the other hand, there are many challenges in the value production chain of this sector. The aim of the current research is to identify the challenges of the dairy cow value production chain. This research is descriptive in terms of practical purpose, in terms of control of field variables and in terms of data collection method. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population was specialists, activists and experts in the dairy cattle production sector in Iran. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and content validity method, respectively. Data analysis was done using SPSS software at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. According to the results, the most important challenges are, in order of providing financial resources, challenges related to eugenics centers, and administrative and organizational challenges (first to third ranks). Environmental challenges, challenges of cattle products supply and sales centers, and challenges of livestock products transformation and processing industries are in the last ranks (twelfth to fourteenth) of this category. Also, in all challenges, the rank average of each challenge category is higher than its median value, and the average difference in all challenges with the median value is statistically significant.

 

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in the research, it has been tried to evaluate the impact of undesirable and irregular structural-functional changes in the lack of development of rural settlements in the central district of Manojan Township. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the current research is 66 settlements in the villages of the central district of Manojan Township, which has a population of 49,428, and using the Cochran formula, 379 people were selected by simple and random sampling and by the proportionality method, and the questionnaire was completed proportionally. SPSS software was used to analyze statistical tests. The results of the research indicate that there is no significant relationship between the settlement system with a structural-functional approach and the development of rural settlements in the central district of Manojan Township, and most of the rural settlements do not have minimum services and facilities, and according to the Pearson correlation test, most of the villages They are considered unstable villages. There is a significant relationship between the components of structural-functional changes and indicators of lack of development. The results of the multiple regression test show the influence of structural-functional components (independent variable) on the level of residential development (dependent variable) in the villages of the central district of Manojan Township, and it indicates that these components changes, At the level of residential development, they explain the villages of Manojan Township. Therefore, according to the research findings of rural settlements, in the central district of Manojan Township, it is unstable in terms of structural-functional dynamics, irregular and scattered, and lacks services and facilities.

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The present research was carried out in 2023 in Guilan province, Kishestan greenhouse town, Soumae-Sara city. This causal and post-occurrence research, in terms of its practical purpose. The researcher-made questionnaire is the main tool of this research that its validity was obtained by presenting 15 experts and its reliability was obtained using Cronbach's coefficient of 0.9. The statistical population of this research was 103 greenhouse owners who were divided into two groups with pressurized irrigation system and without pressurized irrigation system. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was estimated to be 82 greenhouse owners. Part of the results in the descriptive statistics section showed that average age of the first group is 40 years and the second group is 46 years. The average experience of greenhouse owners in the first group is 12.2 years and in the second group is 16.63 years. The average area under cultivation of greenhouse owners in the first group is equal to 3235 square meters and in the second group is equal to 2640 square meters. In the analytical statistics section, using logistic regression, it was determined that 93% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research are explained by the independent variables of cultivated area, total annual income, water supply, research and service centers, and extensional publications.
 

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One of the main challenges of the current century in the field of tourism and development is the promotion and development of tourism activities and at the same time the sustainability of natural ecosystems and the improvement of human welfare indicators. The key to achieving this goal is to establish a balance of sustainability between the two ecological and human sectors, which cannot be achieved without comprehensive and adequate assessments of sustainability. This research tries to evaluate the tourist destinations of Ardabil and Ash provinces from the perspective of the quality of ecosystem welfare and human welfare. This survey is of the type of applied studies and data analysis has been done by analytical-descriptive method. And to analyze them, Alan Butler's tourism life cycle model has been used. The size of the sample population in this research is estimated to be 176 households, and the selection of the host community for questioning is by a systematic random method and the selection of the tourist and visitor community is by a simple random method. The results of this study show that ecosystem and human well-being in destinations Tourism is often semi-sustainable and still has a significant distance from the characteristics of stable and sustainable destinations. Emphasis only on economic results and incomes has neglected the natural and human aspects of tourism activities in the studied destinations.

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Access to the rural transportation system is an essential part of the economy and it is one of the components that can be effective in the economic development of rural areas. In this regard, to clarify the issue in detail, in the current quantitative research, data collection was done through a questionnaire tool and the relationship between the accessibility of the transportation system and the economic development of rural areas in the form of 8 indicators at the level of 30 villages and 368 sample households in Asadabad city. Descriptive and inferential form was measured. The findings reveal that all the indicators of access to the transportation system have been effective on the economic development indicators of the rural areas of Asadabad city. Also, a significant relationship was observed between the access of the villages to the transportation system and the improvement of their economic development according to their settlement system in plain, foothills, and mountainous locations. In other words, in addition to the accessibility to the transportation system and the distance of the villages to the urban and rural market centers, the location of the villages has been effective in the economic development of the villages. Based on the standardized beta coefficient of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, the results show that the effect coefficients for each of the indicators of the rural transportation system are positive and the significance level is less than (0.05); that the direct and significant effect of each of the indicators of the rural transportation system on the economic development of rural areas has been confirmed. It can be said that based on the Beta values, in the order of improvement of transportation services, 0.341 had the most effect and the least effect was the expansion of transportation infrastructure 0.270.
 

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Network is a concept used to understand organizational relationships among economic players. Business networks have formed from interactions in the social network of organizations and are powerful mechanisms for establishing connections. The main goal of this research is to analyze the spatial network of communication among poultry farmers in Shazand county in terms of coherence and internal and external group links through the E-I grouping index, separating by geographical levels of village, district, and section. The more external group relationships there are, the higher social capital will be present, leading to higher social cohesion. This research is exploratory in nature and based on a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this research consisted of all poultry farmers in the villages of Shazand county in 2023 (68 poultry farms). The required data and initial information were collected through interviews. The results of network analysis showed that the E-I grouping index in social relationships among poultry farmers was 4.97% at the village level, 4.75% at the district level, and 7.41% at the section level, indicating a very high tendency for intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level. According to research findings, the power of intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level is significantly higher than that at the district and section levels. The spatial analysis of E-I index findings in relationships between poultry farmers based on village, district, and section indicates a greater tendency for intra-group communication. Considering the importance of geographical distance, wind direction, traffic flow, direct communication in pollution and disease transmission between farms, as well as maintaining stability and health of farms and avoiding various types of pollution and diseases and specific environmental conditions... Intra-group communication among farms at the village, district, and section levels has increased while there is a decrease in inter-group communication.
 

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The study and analysis of the ecosystem of global studies in the field of integrated development planning is of particular importance due to institutional pluralism in order to remove the deprivation of a single area in the rural parts of the country. There are many lessons learned from research and measures of development and rural development. Therefore, the general goal of the current research is to systematically analyze the knowledge network in the field of integrated development planning by reviewing the co-occurrence network of vocabulary and co-authorship in this field to reveal knowledge trends, sources and their deficiencies. In the first step of the work method, the data was extracted from the Scopus database, then the stages of conceptual refinement were performed, and based on the research objectives, the final data was analyzed using algorithms based on social network analysis in the VOSviewer software. . The results indicated that out of 93 scientific research and 191 authors, the countries of South Africa, England and America had the most publications and authors such as Madziohendila, Van Niekerk, Asha and Banda had the highest references. Also, the intellectual cluster of Chakwizera had the highest network density. Co-occurrence analysis of words also revealed 6 research clusters in integrated development planning studies related to the links of comprehensiveness, urban planning, local governance, participation, sustainable development and spatial justice. The findings of the analysis of the knowledge network and drawing its map in this study could have valuable achievements for the realization of a comprehensive rational-expert approach to political-social planning and open new study and implementation horizons for them.