Economy

The formation of idea is being considered as a first step regarding the creation of new innovative thoughts in any organization. That is idea processing is an important phase regarding the development of new products as well as innovations. Idea about new products processes and markets create new opportunities which potentially is capable of new innovations. This in turn, accelerates and improves organizational functionality. The development of new idea provides organization with competence capabilities at global level. This is a prerequisite for any organization as far as the success issue is concerned. In fact, creativity of the workers associated with level of technology and market presence is a major asset of any organization. The high speed of information flow made some organizations incapable of appropriate competition. This could demand application of continuous flow of ideas to fuel the innovation those practitioners associated with technical and vocational organizations could be considered as major source of new ideas. However, the development as well as the practicalities of new ideas demands specific institutional and social backgrounds. People pertaining to different groups are better able to interchange ideas. The major objective of this paper is to identify the prominent factors responsible for functionality of entrepreneurial ideas regarding internship practitioners in rural educational base associated with Isfahan office of technical and vocational education.

This study is based on descriptive-analytical research method along with application of questionnaires. Statistical participation led society comprised of 2300 interns who in rural technical-vocational educational base in Isfahan during 2011-2014 training period. 322 questionnaires were determined to be appropriate for the analysis. This study further supported by application of Cochran formula and classified random sampling. The viability of  thequestionnaire first based on Isfahan technical vocational expert view points and through Kronbakh varied between 0.88 - 0.940. This study further demands application of principle component analysis, in other to deduct the number of influential variables into relevant factor. Eigenvalue more than 1 was determined as a base for extraction of significant factors. Varimax rotation was applied as well. This study further requires U Mann-Whitney & Kruskal Wallis in order to compare averages pertaining to extracted factors related to respondent groups.

In spite of positive altitude of the respondents to ward training activities, due to existence of certain circumstances in clouding lack of familiarity as well as accessibility regarding creation of entrepreneurial ideas, internets, social press media and newspapers, these ideas did not get a chance to be productive and practical. Moreover, external factors such as physical and financial resources and facilities had lower impacts regarding the conversion of ideas into opportunities. Finally, family supports and social capital components due to small rural settlements as well as the composition of the respondent groups (female as a major group), need to be considered as well.

The achievement of technical improvement during last three decades is being considered as major reason regarding growth and development in developed countries. Practically, with respect to advanced countries, more emphasis is devoted to diversification of rural economy as far as sustainability issue is concerned. According to major researches, rural regions could not achieve sustainability by just relying on one type of livelihood especially regarding to arid areas. The impact of industries upon rural regions is associated with multiplier affects. It is argued that any structural change through industrialization not only enhance rural economy, but also could lead to wide and broad transformations in all other aspects as well. It is associated with positive impacts including changes in culture, and social structure of the traditional villages. In general, that part of agricultural sector which possess great harmony with rural population, would be prime activity as opposed to service and industrial sectors. The share of agricultural sector regarding gross domestic product has been continuously plummeted. It has been 5.18 in 2006. Word wide agricultural products are not just being considered as rural products. That is rural economy is being diversified. Industry more specifically processing and handicrafts are among major sector of rural economy. An introduction of industries into rural areas not only influence the village from economic standpoint, but also is bears its impact upon other sectors of the rural areas as well The most important impact deals with social systems and its resultant complications. These impacts over individual and personal culture are more pronounced. This in turn, is influenced by other factors as well. Of course one who works in the computer company with peasants, working in rice paddies in Thailand behave differently. According to past study, could be viewed by two approaches; is rural industrialization one approach is based on Carl Marx idem logy how believed in the impact of industrialization upon society. However, the opponent of this group criticize the negative role of industrialization through prevalence of believe that society through development of alienation. They industry and technology lose its spirit. On the other hand some school of thought appreciates the industries as welcome phenomena and believes in its positive consequences. They further argue that in the case of proper industrialization in a society, the culture, and social structure of a society would modernized. The key person pertaining to this school of thought is blowers. He believed that the growth of industrialization would enhance the demand for other relevant services. Through industrial growth and its, synergistic consequence, a government would be able to tax people more and as a result, medical care education, and provision of security as well as other services would relative be guaranteed.

Taking to account the mature as well as the objective of this study, descriptiveanalytical and comparative research method was applied. The statistical society composes P rural workers in Khayam industrial town in 66 villages as target group located in proximity of this town the head of households as well as. Of other rural households who engaged in activities other than Khayam industrial town as an evidence group. The sample size turned out to be 388 households through application of Cochran formula and random sampling technique.

This study suggests that Khayam Industrial town regarding three indicators, enhancement of job skills, getting advance of insurance services and accessing to mass media show positive impacts. On the other hand, the enhancement of community participation. Strengthening mutual self-confidence, providing motivation for staying in rural communities, is not associated with positive impacts. Moreover, 80% of Khayam Industrial town workers enjoy high level of job satisfaction. It is further argued that regarding three cultural indices including feeling of prosperity, feeling of alienation and value systems impose great positive impacts and led to drastic, positive cultural changes. Some may argue that even though construction of Industrial reigns and towns from one hand provide job opportunities and increase the income level, but it does not necessary means keeping the population in rural areas and prevent migration .this study confirm this as well. This in turn more attention regarding increasing the participationlevel.

The achievement of sustainable development is being considered as prominent objective of rural planners. Agriculture is very important sector in this regard. Its associated activities could encompass all pillar of sustainability that is economic, environmental, social and institutional. Jouzan in Hamadan is being known as one of the major area regarding raisin as well as grape production. This in turn, is associated with sustainable rural economic development. The research questions are as follow: To what extent nuts and dried fruits are responsible for employment opportunities and income generation? Are these products capable of attracting investment?

Needed data were obtained through both field works and documentation. Statistical society composed of all rural settlers of Jouzan district. According to 2011 census this district encompasses 12 villages, 2204 households and 7301 persons. Maniran upper Nowshar due to high acreage of vine vary yard were chosen as sample villages via random sampling technique and Cochran formula. Viability of this study through application of Kronbakh alpha turned out to be 0.821.

This study suggests that the household’s status from income stand point compare with the time that this village was not involved in dried fruit production, greatly improved, number of created job due to construction of raison processing companies. It further shows that the amount of saving and purchasing power of rural settlers greatly promoted. The degree of investment in both private and public sectors increased thanks, to positive economic impact of raison and dried fruit production.

Nowadays, economic, social and technological changes namely in the area of transportation affect urban-rural relations to a great extent. That is current urban rural conditions are predominately affected by the quantity and quality of these relations. This study aims to investigate the impacts of these economic relations upon socialeconomic status of rural areas of Chehelcha located in Minoodasht.

This study has both applied and analytical –descriptive nature. Needed data are obtained through field works as well as documentation. Statistical society is composed of all rural household heads of Chehelcha in Minoodasht. According to 2011 census, this district includes 37 populated villages with 6003 households. Take into consideration village’s type from locational standpoint as well as number of households, 8 villages was selected out of which 2 were mountainous, 3 were associated with foot hills and finally 3 were chosen out of flat villages. Using Cochran formula, 234 households were determined to be right sample sizes which were extracted via random classified sampling Technique. This study further supports application of SPSS for data analysis purpose.

The existed economic relations in the study area possess great variations. The main economic flows between urban and rural area due to settlers engagement in farming practice have gardening farming and livestock characters. With industrial activities expansion including construction of industrial towns, new economic relations between villages and towns emerged. This in turn, resulted in great and increasing changes in rural spaces. This could be interpreted through urban-rural economic relations. These relations made urban economic dominance to have low profile. It means that urban area benefit more out of these linkages and interactions. This finally suggests that rural urban relations greatly impacted the improvement of rural economic status.

The accumulation of capital is being considered as a major driving force as far as the development is concerned. The mechanism of this accumulation implemented during three processes. Capital accumulation within different historical and geographical setting results in special locational forms known as space economy. Historical experiences with respect to capital accumulation in Iran indicate that the first phase of this accumulation has been occurred in Iran. However, this cycle did not follow second and third phases. In other word, productive investment did not happen in the country .This paper aims to investigate the trend of capital accumulation as well as its relevant spatial analysis.

This study predominantly deals with documentation gathered via statistical center. It further demands application of Pearson regression correlation for analysis purpose. More specifically, it demands Moran statistic, standard deviation in order to measure spatial auto correlation GIS and SPSS software were used as well.

This study suggests that the first phase of capital accumulation did not occur in the country. The nature of capital accumulation did not lead to productive investment. There exists a prominent gap from wealth generation potential and accumulation of capital standpoint. The existed spatial organization, lack of economic network system, and the existence of service economy and high real state dependency all restricted the achievement of this possibility. This in turn is associated with the situation of the country within global economy. Prominent global economy dominance with high potential regarding security and guaranteed investment turn over, act as magnet. It is argued that informative investment and knowledge based understanding exclusively act within global context in which many countries are unable to compete with multi-national corporations.

All governments through different policies, laws, and regulations try to deal with distribution issue and demand distinct distribution . Every community encounters with its own laws .Distributive justice notion tries to offer strategy regarding relevant alternatives. The proponents of “discrependency principle” contend changing policies and laws toward the betterment of low income groups. The major research questions are as follows: Does distribute justice exist in the essential goods consumption of rural settlers of Iran’s province? How is the consumption pattern of different income groups in Iran? How is the price and income sensitivity associated with this group? Spatial distributive analysis regarding the consumption of essential goods and systematic demand function were applied for this purpose.

The needed data is associated with bread, rice, meat, and both granulated and cub sugar costs obtained from 1974-2011 statistics. They were extracted from statistical hand book of rural households incomes and costs using prime price indices of central bank. Moreover, differential demand functions were applied for the measurement of price sensitivity coefficient. E views software were used for the estimation of the statistical model.

This study suggests that the price sensitivity regarding rice, sugar, bread and meat associated with poor rural settlers during 1974-2011 time period were 1.660- 0.289, 0.471 and -0.861 respectively. These figure pertaining to rural middle class determined to be 1.972, 0.332, 0.449 and 0.840 respectively. Associated figures for rural well-off settlerswere 1.381, 0.486, 0.448 and 0.884.

Lack of variations existed in economic settings and a job opportunity is being considered as the most significant characteristics of the rural country’s economic structures. It is argued that occurrence of variations in rural economic activities as an approach, could be considered as an appropriate measure in which most of the development theoricians believe in regarding the mitigation of the negative impacts associated with this mal structure as well as the achievement of sustainable rural development. The major objective of this study deals with identification of main barriers regarding the occurrence of variations in rural economic activities of the bordering villages located in Marivan.

The research method based on the objectives of the study has applied nature. It has descriptive and analytical essence. The statistical society is associated with Marivan which is located in 10 km of Iraq international border. 18 villages were selected as a sample. The sample size based on application of Cochran formula amounted to be 334 households. This study further supports the application of SPSS software for analysis purposes.

This study suggests that barriers toward regional variations could be classified into social, physical, and managerial – institutional ones. However, there is not a drastic difference between all the selected villages from barriers stand points. Generally speaking the barriers are numerous. Based on step wise regression method, managerial institutional, physical, economic and social variables are capable of explaining 88% of the variation. It further suggests that the managerial- institutional structures compare with others are more responsible for lack of variations in rural economic activities.

Stagnation with regard to rural traditional economic activities based on natural resources including agriculture and mining during last decades demand new strategies regarding strength and variations in economic activities and bases. However, concentration upon one type of economic activity of Iran’s rural settlements may waste energy and production resources as well as out migration. It is argued that instability in the country’s villages is resulted from lack of variations in economic activities associated in rural settlements. This study aims to create variation in economic activities and achievement of economic sustainability in rural settlements of Khoramdareh in Zanjan.

This study has applied nature. However, methodologically speaking is descriptiveanalytical. 28 measures were chosen in order to access the economic sustainability of rural settlements. Statistical society is composed of 1143 households out of which 287 were selected from 4 villages that are Rahmatabad, Baghdareh, Alvand and Sukahriz out of 17 villages. Cronbach’s alpha was applied for viability of the research. It turns out to be 0.765. VIKOR model was used for the analysis purpose.

This study suggests that those villages that possess job variation rank higher in terms of sustainability. According to classification of the villages based on number of jobs, Sukahriz with 32 jobs falls into the highest class with 2396 population. It follows by Rahmatabad with 22 jobs and 889 persons which fall into medium group. Alvand and Baghdareh with 14 and 11 jobs and 362 and 850 persons respectively fall into the lowest category. Based on application of VIKOR model regarding the assessment of studied villages from economic sustainability stand point, Sukahriz with 0.025 within range of 0.325 - 0.000 possesses higher sustainability.

Variations in rural economy, prevention of the unprecedented rural-urban migration, and reduction in spatial imbalances between rural and urban areas via creation of industries namely industrial towns are being considered as the fundamental Iran’s policies regarding rural development. The major objective of this study is to identify and investigate the economic impact of Aghola industrial towns upon the adjacent rural areas located in Gorgan in Aghola.

This study from methodological stand point has descriptive- analytical nature. However based on its objective, possesses applied essence. The data gathering demands application of field works as well as documentation. The studied villages composed of 7 villages located in vicinity of this industrial town. 320 households were selected based on random sampling technique and Cochran formula. The credibility of the study was checked by rural studies experts. Viability determined to be 70 % based on Kronbakh Alpha. This study is further supported by principle component analysis as well as one way analysis of variance using SPSS.

This study suggests that the location of Aghola industrial town imposed a prominent economic impact upon the adjacent rural development. However, increase in welfare and purchasing power component compare with the other components possesses the highest significant difference.

The industrialization of rural areas has led to changes in rural economies through the absorption of rural population. This in turn, helps in reduction in unemployment rate as well as economic growth. This strategy is capable of improving rural standard of living and paves the way for the achievement of sustainable rural economy. This study tries to investigate the dimensions, aspects and benefits associated with linkages between agriculture and rural industries in general and in central part of Rasht in particular. It further stresses on the impact of agricultural complementary processing industries upon rural economy.

This study has applied nature and it is based on descriptive - analytical method. It further demands application of survey, field works as well as documentation. Statistical society composed of rural development experts. Out of 243 first round questionnaires, 48 were selected. The credibility of this questionnaire was done using the related experts. Its viability was determined to be 0.876 using Kronbakh alpha. This study further supports application of SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS for data analysis purpose.

This study suggests that the benefits and impacts of linkages between agriculture and industries are proven. This could exemplify itself in agricultural product support at different production stages, usage of new agricultural economic method, strengthening rural economy base, creation of jobs incomes as well as expansion of exports and rural investments. This linkage in turn could lead to strengthening rural economy bases and the achievement of rural sustainable development. It finally conveys this message that the only way of increase in agricultural products and self- sufficiency and entering into international market competition is through creation of agricultural complementary – processing industries.

Nowadays, management and economy as science as well as entrepreneurship receive special attention. Strengthening entrepreneurship and creation of an appropriate setting for its development are being considered as a good tool for economic improvement namely in developing countries. Based on entrepreneurship world statement, there exist a high relationship between national economic growth and organizational and national entrepreneurship level. Generally speaking, entrepreneurs potentially exist in any country. However, one should put extra effort to increase their capabilities. Moreover, the existing structures should pave the way for proving themselves. As a matter of fact, entrepreneurs play a vital role regarding social and economic development and transformation. They act as a prime element for revitalization as well as continuation of development. That is why many governments in both developed and developing countries try to guide and encourage entrepreneurs and provide them relevant education .Iran experienced high rural-urban migration as a result of rural backwardness. This is associated with ghettoes, down grading of quality of life, low job opportunities, increase in crime and delinquency. The major objective of rural plan is the achievement of rural development. This in turn will lead to reduction of unemployment increase in job opportunities. These two phenomena are the resultant of Imbalanced labor force, demand and supply as well as decrease in agricultural growth sector in rural areas and decline in job opportunities (23.4%). It is argued that agricultural development by itself cannot guarantee rural economic development and irradiate poverty. Thus attention to other sectors is strongly suggested. Despite, the importance of entrepreneurial ship and its impact upon global economy, Iran has not paid an appropriate attention in this regard. High degree of youth population, lack of job opportunities, high unemployment rate demand more attention to this phenomenon. As such this paper predominantly aims to access entrepreneurship status in southern Astarabad in Gorgan.

This study possesses descriptive- analytical nature. It is farther based on survey technique and questionnaire. As such 10 experts in the area were asked to give their opinions in order to weigh the relevant chosen criteria. Study area is composed of 16 villages which house 4805 households. Cochran formula was applied in order to determine the appropriate sample size with the significant level of 95%. Sample size turned out to be 356 which extracted via random sampling technique taking into consideration the number of households in every individual village. This study further followed by application of hierarchical weighing fuller triangle technique regarding the viewpoints of the experts. At the end, it demands ORESTE model in order to rank the villages.

This study suggests that entrepreneurship not only cause better utilization of the existing resources, but also paves the way for rural settlements sustainability. This is because entrepreneurship through providing job opportunities and resultant sufficient incomes make the settlers to remain in their village. It further could attract investment and draw outside labor force to the area. This in turn will strengthen the foundations of national regional development. However, all of the villages do not possess the same potential in terms of entrepreneurship. As such this study try to prioritize villages located in southern Astarabad in Gorgan from entrepreneurship aspect. According to experts view points, accessibility to education and training, consulting, experiences, knowledge and skill are being considered as main yardsticks in this regard. However, access to capital without needed education and training could not lead to entrepreneurship. According to ORESTE technique computation Naziabad, Sarnabad, and Maryamabad, based on the above mentioned criteria possess the highest ranks as opposed to lower shahkoh, Siyashlou and Qazagh-mahale. This study suggests education and training regarding entrepreneurship specifically in the area of tourism. It believes that lack of capital is being considered as a major obstacle in the study area. Providing low interest loans to rural settlers which could give them initial capital and motivation with respect to entrepreneurship is highly recommended.

Achievement of rural development as a way to maintain national security and identity requires extra efforts regarding deprivation issue in backward regions and makes them receive their development rights. Economic development paves the way for creation of optimum and thriving life space. It is argued that physical isolation, potential economic and physical incapability, and remoteness from political, economic and decision making focal points enhance their degree of under development and make the corresponding gap even wider. The authors believe that the creation of border markets in rural areas is being considered as one of the strategy regarding spatial economic development in border areas. This could lead to stabilization of population, creation of job opportunities, , reduction of goods smuggling activities, utilization of common resources between neighboring countries, sustainable economic development. It further decreases geopolitics tensions between two countries through increase in goods movement and better utilization of space economy. Golestan province and Gonbad Kuvoos city are located in dry climatic region. This is associated with potential physical and economic incapability namely with respect to agricultural sector. Lack of space economy invites planning. One of the most important plans regarding economic development taking into account its potential situation as well as its border location is development of border markets in which could facilitate the trade between two countries. This in turn would grantee security, employment and higher level of development. This study aims to emphasize spatial development and rural organization with respect to border villages. Taking into account its specific climatic conditions as well as geopolitics challenges resulted from having common border with Torkamanestan, development of border markets could be an appropriate option. They could enhance national security, stabilization of population as well as immigration.

This study has applied nature. Data gathered through documentary approach. After reviewing the relevant literatures and based on finding associated with previous studies conducted by Fajr development consulting engineers and existing information, indices and indicators were selected. This is followed by application of multi criteria decision making technique, TOPSIS, regarding data analysis.

Based on the application of TOPSIS technique and corresponding computation and more specifically measurement of similarity index, Dashli Brun would be an optimum location for creation of border market and considered to be target village. The corresponding indices regarding determination of Dashi Brun as target village are distance to Inche Brun border market, to Eshghabad, to provincial town, to border, concentration index, amenities indices and population growth rate. It is argued that distance to Inche Brun border market could lead to better distribution of economic activities in border region. Moreover, distance from capital of Torkamanestan, Eshghabad, could enhance trade along the border and subsequent economic prosperity in the bordering region. Distance to Golestan center and other populous cities increase both imports and exports activities in border market. Centrality index and population growth rate will lead to provision of needed labor force for border market as well as better population distribution in the region and the province. This in turn will improve rural space economy in pioneer area. In effect, development of Dashli Brun border market will have great impact upon rural economic development income level and other corresponding development indices .Space economy associated with rural area more specifically border regions demand more attention ,interactions and components resulted from government divergence and convergences, border line controls and preventing goods smuggling activities. It is argued that space economy play better role regarding border market. The development of border market could well be justified by the existence of physical and climatic barriers, unpleasant social, economic and entertaining conditions, lack of desire and motivation to leave in the area, political, economic and security challenges in the area This invites planning in order to fully utilize the regional potentials. 

Social capital is being considered as way to achieve sustainable rural development as far asthe development experts are concerned. It is argued that social capital make the achievement of sustainable development possible taking into consideration provided opportunities and major societies constants at different levels including micro and macro level. In other word, social capital not only affects development process but also it is affected by as well. It is argued that social capital as a very important theoretical tool is capable of investigating the role of social variables regarding sustainable rural development. Lack of sufficient attention to rural settlers as social capital is a major challenge as far as sustainable rural development is concerned. This in turn could facilitate planning trend regarding rural sustainability through participation of rural settlers. Based on the relevant studies attention to social capital could enhance the achievement of sustainable rural development. Moreover, the relationship between social capital and level of rural development could well be justified by space economy and spatial dimension. Explanation of the phenomena and the spatial organization are affected by interaction of space and activities. Spatial dimension could exemplify itself in social processes and relationships. In effect, function of space is affected by space, time and social and economic mechanisms. As such this study aims to find out the relationship between social capital and rural development. It further tries to come up with social capital pattern.

This study deals with analytical-descriptive research method based on both qualitative andquantitative methods. Sampling technique was random stratified sample. Based on physical location, distance, and number of households, six villages were selected from each class. Altogether, 18 villages were selected in the study area. Statistical society is composed of two groups that are local rural settlers (host community) and local authorities. Based on KMO test, social capital viability turned out to be 0:71. Moreover, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients used for evaluation of social capital in corresponding villages turned out to be 0.89. Social capital measures were selected through application of critical analysis over previous studies. In second phase, primary yardsticks and measures were screened in order to identify the prime social capital yardsticks with regard to sustainable development. Topsis technique was used for determination of social capital regarding level of development in sample villages.

Nowadays social capital is being considered as the most important development capital. As such, social capital with its spatial dimension is being known as a comprehensive strategy for achievement of social sustainability within sustainable development approach. It is because that the major objective of sustainable rural development based on social capital approach is promoting quality of life of local people, empowerment, capability formation, increase participation level as well as self-reliance, expanding rural communication network both in and outside of the villages and institutional development. This study suggests that there exist a relationship between social capital and level of rural development in the study area. It means that 63.5 percent of variation regarding level of development of the villages is explained by social capital. The magnitude of I index for determination of the corresponding spatial pattern based on social capital turned out to be 0.41. This figure compared with E (I) which is 0.03165 indicates that spatial pattern correspond with social capital of the studied villages incline toward multi pattern (concentrated and clustered). The highlight of this paper is first the endogenous nature of social capital and second confirmation of the past studies in this regard. Spatial pattern associated with social capital indicates that villages located in the center and in the proximity of large cities including Mashhad, Nishabur possess lower level of social capital. Heading toward the boundary of the province, the rate of rural social capital will increase.

Many scholars believe that the creation of job opportunities is being considered as an important prerequisite for development and growth namely in developing countries. Lack of attention to this make societies step in eroding phase rather than thriving one. This in turn will lead to expansion of poverty. It is argued that achievement of sustainable development could be done through creation of employment in different sectors more specifically industrial and service ones. Based on corresponding statistics Javanrood with unemployment rate of 42.8%, 49.3% and 46.9% in 1375, 1385 and 1390 respectively rank the highest compared with 14 cities located in Kermanshah. This study aims to identify deprived rural areas using combination of different criteria and yardsticks. The authors believe that taking into consideration economic, social and environmental capabilities of the study area; one could propose an appropriate and applied strategy with regard to employment.

This study based on its nature and objectives possesses applied, descriptive and analytical characters. It deals with documentary as well as survey technique regarding data gathering. The study area is basically composed of 89 villages out of which 57 over 20 households were studied. At first, these villages were prioritized based on chosen indicators and yardsticks corresponding to employment, using TOPSIS technique. Weighing of seven indicators was done by Shannon entropy based on data reference computation. Second phase followed by clustering and grouping the villages into different levels from prosperous to very deprived ones. Clustering analysis and TOPSIS technique led to creation of four groups. Identification of villages based on the level of deprivation and consideration of their capabilities demand preparation of expert questionnaire. This was based on liker five spectrum with level very high (5), high (4), medium (3), low (2) and very low (1). As such 30 questionnaires were compiled. SWOT was applied for proposing appropriate strategy regarding creation of employment in deprived villages.

Provision of appropriate job opportunities in accordance with active population’s interests and potentials is being considered as the prime element and component of development. However, many of this active group did not get a chance to have any job or appropriate one. There exists noticeable difference in terms of unemployment rate in the regions. According to the statistics ,Kermanshah ranks among top five in terms of unemployment rate between 1375 90 .Javanrood possesses the highest rate compared with 14 other cities in Kermanshah. This well justified the degree of discrimination level of Javanrood against job offers during past decades. This demands extra attention regarding employment status. This study suggests that there exist a drastic gap with respect to employment indicators among different villages. As such employment coefficient corresponding to Khil-Fataki-Kan village as the most prosperous village is 10 times bigger than Bita-shush village as the most deprived one. One could conclude that some of the villages compared with the others experience some degree of depravation in terms of employment. Based on clustering analysis, Chaman-zar Olya, Dehtout Sofla, Sarab Barhed Zanjir Olya, Guyleh, Chaman-zar Sofla, Bioleh, Kalash Hush, Kulese, Duleta, Ziran, Saroukhan, Kalash ghoo, Kani Gohar, Mazrae Kachal abad, Aliabad Kohne, Sarabs, Ghalaji, Bivand olya, Bivand Sofla, Mele rush, Zilan, Shurineh, Bani Lavan, Sarrood Sofla and Biashush are considered as very deprived villages in terms of employment coefficient. From job opportunities standpoint they are in critical stage. This study further suggests that despite of existence of 25 deprived villages, there exist some opportunities and strengths. These opportunities and strengths well override some existing threats and weaknesses. Based on SWOT analysis competitive – aggressive strategy (so) in which prime emphasis is on internal strengths as well as external threats would be considered as the most appropriate strategy regarding employment in deprived villages of Javanrood. In order to create Job opportunities taking into consideration geographic, economic, social and environmental conditions, the following suggestions are recommended:

The employment problem and the manpower in general, is a matter of great importance in economic issues. In the economy of Iran, employment is one of the main concerns of the economic policy makers. The analysis of the employment situations and its structure all over the country requires at thorough knowledge of the capacities and potential power of the regions and its combination in the areas, for an equal and balanced planning and employment in every region and areas. In order to plan and achieve the rural economic development, population is most important and even the main factor to consider, because the quantitative and qualitative changes in population has significant effects on this procedure and furthermore one of the most important issues about the population which should be considered is the employment for the provision of manpower employment can be so effective towards achievement of every countries’ development, thus the employment issue is a key and strategic issue in every economic society. Employment is the factor that gets all the mental and physical abilities of man to be applied that result in relaxation and obedience between people due to the disappearance of unemployment, preventing the migration, the use and development of exceptional talents and rise in the national gross income. The villages of the country having a lot of active force which can play an important role in the economic development, studying the spatial distribution of employment in the rural regions and planning based on that can be a way of economic development of the villages and results in the economic prosperity of the country. Since the economic activities (agriculture, industry, services) in general, and particularly the resources and facilities, have an undesirable concentration from the spatial distribution aspect, in Iran, every region requires especial programs according to its characteristics, in this regard we should identify the situation of different regions based on the suitable scientific methods, before any actions. Therefore, this paper is developed to evaluate the employment status of the major departments and groups of activity and their spatial distribution in the country. To this aim, basic parts which were exporting their workforce are identified divided into counties, using the locative quotient (LQ) index.

The purpose of this study was to understand the conditions of the regions and the major groups of economic activity (agriculture, industry and services) in the rural parts of the country. The statistical sample for this study includes 394 counties which statistics were gathered during the 2011 general census of people and housing. Using the locative quotient (LQ), the basic areas or the exporters of the working force were identified in the country and the state, and the GIS software has been used to prepare the map of major activity groups.

The results show that in agriculture, 55% of the counties of the country (215 counties) belong to the basic and the workforce exporting regions that mainly are in the West, North West and South East of the country. Since the suitable climate and soil in these regions, we can see most employment in the agricultural part in a way that they can send agricultural workforce to other regions. These regions have also an important role in the national economic development and by guiding the investments towards their agricultural part; we can help it to be more efficient in the economy of the country. In the industrial part, 26% of the counties of the country (103counties) are more than one which can be counted as basic and workforce exporting regions and are mainly is located in the states of Tehran, Mazandaran, Qom, Qazvin and the central and south parts of the country. These states have the potential to send industrial workforce to other regions, and because of the proximity to the capital, the existence of agricultural transformative industries and in some regions possession of the mines, these states have the most industrial employment in the country. These areas have a great part in the economy of the country and by financing this part and creation of employment opportunities and industrialization of the villages, their industry will prosper, that results in an industrial growth in the national economy. In the services part, 49 percent of the counties of the country (195 counties) have a locative quotient greater than one and are categorized as workforce exporter regions that are mainly located in the central, east north, west north and the south parts of the country. The reasons for the tendency of these areas of service activities include proximity to the borders and unsuitable natural conditions in some regions.

Cooperative firms after government and private sectors are being considered as a third dimension of any economy. The numbers of this type of firms are increasing. This in turn has let to great revenues which would well justify their value and importance. Nowadays, there are many cooperative firms with different names but all have one goal in common, that is the achievement of development. Women cooperative firm in Turkey, municipality cooperative firm of European countries, specialized agricultural cooperative firms in China, rural cooperative firm as well as housing and service cooperative firms in Iran are among some of this type of firms. Iran has another type that is village cooperative firms. This type of firm established in 1387. Their major objective is to help village council institution regarding handling their executive affairs, development of the villages and rendering of better services to the rural settlers. There exist 733 of this type of firm in the country capable of providing services to the rural people. This study aims to assess the degree of rural settlers’ satisfaction regarding services rendered by Dashtesar (Amol) cooperative. It further tries to individually investigate the degree of rural settlers’ satisfaction regarding provision of physical and cultural services.

This study based on its objectives has applied nature. It demands descriptive as well as analytical method. Data gathering is composed of both documentary and field works including observation, interviews and filling out questionnaires. The selection of the targetvillages out of 31 villages was based on number of population, distance from the city as well as from the major road. As such 9 villages were selected using clustering stratified sampling technique. The composition of these 9 indicate 3 villages out of those with high, medium and low population located close to the city and major roads, 3 villages out of those with low, medium and high with medium distance from the city and major roads, and 3 villages out of those with high, medium and low population located far from the city and major roads. The statistical society composed of 135 rural households resides in Dashtesar which were chosen via simple random sampling method. The analysis of data demands application of Chi square test, and one way analysis of variation (ANOVA). 
Discussion and Conclusion:

According to chi square test regarding provision of physical services such as rendering services in the area of supervision on construction activities (to some extent) and issuing building licenses (little), those cooperative were able to satisfy the rural settlers. This is followed by environmental services rendered by these cooperatives including waste disposal and creation of sanitary field. However, regarding the provision of other environmental services, these cooperatives were not successful. With respect to provision of social – cultural rendered services they were fairly active in the area of renovating historical and religious places and to some extent holding cultural – religious ceremonies and sport events. However, these cooperatives were not successful in other cultural contexts. Results pertaining to T-test indicate that rural settlers were unsatisfied regarding the provision of environmental, social, cultural and physical dimensions. Based on one way analysis of variation, social and environmental services possess the least average. However, the physical dimension possesses the highest average. That means, these rural cooperatives through rendering physical services were able to satisfy the rural settlers. The results associated with F-test indicate the rural settlers are more satisfied with provision of physical services. This study suggests that settlers of Booran and Nezamabad possess more positive attitudes toward services rendered by these cooperatives as opposed to Ghalian Kola, Noabad, Shadmahal, Mzres, Zvark o Pashakla.

Globalization, new pattern of global economy growth, weakness of welfare state along with cultural and thinking processes such as criticism regarding political economic system challenge prevailing economic development pattern, eradication of poverty and social welfare. This challenge resulted in proposing of rural social approach with emphasize on community based development plan. Low rate of physical investment in rural areas regarding growth domestic products, the existence of in appropriate economic, social and physical infrastructure in the area of transportation, communication, irrigation, education and medical care and hygiene are among some signs of under development. However, target free plans with respect to eradication of poverty, and lack of cause and effect approach could be considered as development barriers. It is argued that empowerment of the rural settlers and increase in their economic and social capabilities are prerequisite for any rural investigation. The development of financial sector could play prominent role regarding the achievement of accelerated and continuous economic growth. Countries which possess well developed system could better be able to pace along development course. Most countries economy during 1950s and 60s were affected by those economists who were in favor of financial suppression. Regulations are the major specification of financial suppression. This could deviate the prices in financial markets. These regulations include the top determination of upper limit of nominal interest rate regarding deposits as well as theone pertaining to mortgage rate, high legal bank financial reservoir and the allocation of command credits. These limitation and barriers make the financial flow low. Furthermore, financial resources are devoted to low efficient and non-prioritized plans. Thus financial suppression will lead to downsizing of fiscal sector and as a result decrease in economic growth.

Financial suppression as an important challenge demands some efforts with respect to the assessment of financial mediation in economic activities. Financial suppression was measured by different indices. Rubin & Martin (1992), Hang & Vang (2001), Coli (2001), measure the level of financial suppression by real interest rate and inflation rate, rate between government debt and cash flow, and the management of exchange rate respectively. This study aims to measure the impact of financial suppression over rural poverty by adding couple variable beside those offered by forgoing studies using 2SLS where Lpo Stands for logarithm of level of rural settlers poverty  are the indices for financial suppression which are associated with real interest rate, exchange rate gap (official and free market rate), the difference between domestic inflation rate as opposed to global rate, the ratio of government debt over cash flow ,existed capital in rural areas, the logarithm of rural unemployment rate and the logarithm of rural income respectively. This equation is capable of investigating the ration ship between exogenous and internal variables between 1370-91.

This study suggests that there exist a negative relationship between the financial suppression variables and poverty level. This could be justified by the existence of poor capital market and the degree of dependency of production firms on credits. Furthermore, lack of an appropriate investment mechanism increase the bank debt of small rural investors. Moreover, credit conditions are vulnerable. This study suggests that one percent increase in poverty level is associated with 0.11 decreases in rural investment. There exist a positive relationship between income and capital. Increase in production level means more income and this in turn cause increase in capital and level of investment. The existence of positive and important relationship between financial suppression and rural poverty, well justify development of plan for departing from suppression. It is argued that lack of financial suppression and financial development could pave the way for financial mediators to invest in rural areas. Doing so could create job opportunities and eradicate rural poverty. This study further suggests freeing the financial market in order to combat this kind of suppression.

Rural development requires special attention regarding human forces .Rural settlers as a prime human resources related to agriculture are a major leverage as far as rural development is concerned. Lack of social capital is being considered as missing chain with respect to economic growth and development in underdeveloped countries. It is agrued that social capital influences sustainable development from different aspact in developing countries including Iran. This is well justified by existance of their transient, unstable economy. Social capital is known world wide as a major determinent of rural development. However, this is not well experienced in Iran's rural geographical space. In other word, planners and policy makers overlooked this issue. This is being considered as the most prominent vacume as far as the rural development litriture is concerned. Both social capital and development possess complex nature. This in turn demands comprehensive and deep study. This could well be done via application of qualitative approach. This study aims to invastigate Farsinj rural development taken into account social capital in order to come up with associated development model.

This paper applied qualitative approach using foundamental theory method. This theory is being considered as one of the qualitative research methods. It ia besed on inductive approach using real situation for determination of the components of a problem. Statistical society was comprised of key aware folks in Farsinj village located in songhor koliayee which were chosen through targeted snow ball sampling technique. The study area is center of parsineh which is located in cold mountainous climatic zone. Based on 1390 census, it houses over 2355 with 663 households. Data gathering were done via individual semi structured interview as well as concentrated groups and direct observation resulted in field notes. The application of multi data gathering techniques in qualitative research named trianglizaition increase the viability of the result. Compiling fifteen of those interviews, led to theoretical saturation at least after one hour. The resultant data in three stage that is open coding (conceptualizing and investigating), axis coding and selective coding, were analyzed. Open coding led to formation of 16 classes. The relationships between components were explored through application of axis coding. This led to formation of external social capital as a prime class or phenomena based on paradigm model. This model includes casual conditions and backgrounds, intervening conditions, as well as interaction, strategies and consequences.

Farsinj village located in songhor koliayee is being known as one of the typical and pilot village in Kermanshah province. Based on the investigation, high level of education, number of existing occupations as well as the rural settler’s level of commitment, responsibility and the feeling of being served with regard to following the villages affairs are among the factors responsible for Farsinj being known as spectacular villages. It is argued that the feeling of being rival, high level of settler’s motivation and engagement of some of the folks in high ranking governmental possessions all would be important components formation of external social capital in the study area. Trust in outsiders, the existence of agriculture bank, high schools as well as getting married to the males outside their locality all led to formation of better opportunities for investment in the study area. All these factors have led to some positive outcomes including the provision of services to neighboring villages and being well known village in the area. Make it short; the level of development of the study area is highly associated with the formation of external social capital.