Economy

Nowadays, empowerment is being considered as one of the most applicable ways regarding development achievement. This is more applied to vulnerable rural peasants. It is argued that development without empowerment considerations in general namely as far as the rural settlers are concerned is an incomplete concept. Targeted subsidy could be very influential regarding empowerment of the rural settlers which is the main contribution of this paper. The research method has applied as well as analytical and descriptive nature. Data gathering was done through both survey and documentation procedure. It is followed by distributing questionnaire and conduction of personal interviews of household heads. As such, 10 villages (35%) out of 28 villages located in Jaider district of Poldokhtar were selected. Furthermore, 80 households were interviews via random stratified sampling technique. This is followed by application of SPSS and Wilcoxon non-parametric statistical test. This study suggests that there exists positive relationship between the received targeted subsidy and economic empowerment level of the rural settlers. That is one could observe relativity high purchasing power, increase in saving, reduction of poverty and increase in household welfare. However, the reductions in arable land, as well as decrease in agricultural investment level, high inflation and mortgages are among the main important negative impacts.

Hidden properties and potentials of agricultural product provide grounds for this sector to play a prominent role in development process in general and rural development in particular. Special capabilities of each region in terms of growing particular crops and their subsequent role in provision of job opportunities as well as rural infrastructures and development could not be underestimated. Taking intoconsideration the role of pistachio in Damghanthis study aims to focus on the social and economic impacts of this crop upon farmers’life. The research method has descriptive - analytical nature which in turn demands application of SPSS.Sample size composed of 318 pistachio growers which was determined viaKokrans. This study suggests that economic impact of pistachios cultivation in terms of economic well-being, economic security and quality of employment compared with social impacts associated with level of participation and social capital is higher. moreover,there exists significant relationships between history crop practice, level of education,familiarity with market, level of mechanization as well as changes and as independent variables and with economic and social impacts each as dependent variable transformation in arable land. Moreover, access to banking credits,consultation services,household dependency rate,area of croplands, yield per acre, the application of new cropping methods and ownership are being considered as additional dependent variables which have relations.

Rural tendency toward continual participation of rural settlers in social, economic and political activities is being considered as one of the most prominent factor in rural development .However, it is being argued that political participation of people namely rural settlers does not necessarily lead to high level of awareness and overall and comprehensive social and economic development of subsistence communities.Rather,it may provide the ground for demanding their economic and service share and subsequent struggles and internal disputes. In Mamasani region located in Fars province,criteria with regard to peoples participation is not based on an open society rather, political participation principle follows the tribal expectation. This study aims to analyze the political participation trend of the rural settlers taking into account their tribal identity, in provision of economic and social services in rural communities. As such, 90 rural households extracted out of 4 villages with population over 1000 as sample. This paper considered the level of rural participation in national election as well as the determination of relationship between tribal identities of the house of representative with level of provided services in their rural communities. This study suggests that people who took part in election voted for nominees who have high tribal identity. Moreover, provision of services and welfare in villages is highly associated with representative’s identity and his tribal affiliation.

It is being argued that rural tourism is considered as a prominent activity with respect to rural development. This industry is known as invisible export by economists. Tourism as a broad activity is associated with some major economic, social and environmental. It further argues that tourism planning demands identification of these impacts as far as the host community is concerned. This in turn accentuates sustainable tourism development. This study aims to investigate the impact of tourism upon Rijab resort of Kermanshah as a host community. Sample siege amounted to be 270. As such 200 questionnaires were gathered using random sampling technique. Principle component results indicate the tourism development bears four major consequences including income generation, environmental problems, cultural development, and reduction of social capital. The result of this study provides some recommendation for tourism bodies. These related organizations could strengthen positive impacts and mitigate negative consequences.

Unemployment is being considered as one of the prominent challenges as far as planner’s world over is concerned. This phenomenon has been the main concern of the Iranian planners as well. The relevant indices indicate changes in unemployment pattern. This study aims to explore and explain the spatial changes pertaining to rural unemployment. The nature of the research method demands the application of t student test. It is based on 1385 and 1390 national survey statistics. As for as the nature of study is concerned, some data combination for extracting needed ratios and indices were done. This study suggests that there exist some spatial inequalities regarding employment and unemployment in rural communities. It further suggests that some corrective measures were done regarding the provision of job opportunities. However, prominent discrepancies still exist. Moreover, there exists some spatial - gender discrepancies in rural areas as far as job opportunities is concerned.

Accessibility of rural settlers to financial credit facilities is being considered as one of the important factor for development of entrepreneurship in ruralareas. As such, provision of micro credits could be a secured way for absorption of financial capital needed for development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. The allocation of this credit into agricultural sector could facilitate this process. This study aims to investigate the role of economic space needed for entrepreneurship in the analysis of allocation of group as well as individual credit in agricultural sector. The research method has applied as well as descriptive nature. It further deals with documentation; field works (questionnaire and interview) as well as application of descriptive and infernal statistics including K2, Freedman test, and correlation regression. Statistical society is composed of farmer of Ghanibeyghloo (Zanjan) and Khararood (Khodabandeh). This study suggests that an economic space needed for entrepreneurship pertaining to farmer is not in an appropriate state. However, this space pertaining to the receivers of these credits possesses on appropriate situation. Further suggests that those farmers who possess be her economic space for entrepreneurship is less likely to deviate from proper allocation of their provided credits.

Khorasan Razavi Province is among provinces that has established several rural production corporations in recent decades. One of their main tasks of these corporations is to eliminate traditional filed structures and solving problems using new and modern agricultural tools. This paper studies the activities of RPC in Khorasan Razavi Province to achieve this goal. In this regard, performance of RPC in the covered villages of 24 counties has been studied based on 11 of infrastructural services and using variables TOPSIS technique and variable have been compared and ranked. Studies on RPC in Khorasan Razavi Province shows performance level of corporations in giving services to their members is not suitable. Among different counties, Nayshaboor, Torbat-Heydariyeh and Torbat-Jam counties have best performances and Kashmar, Kalat and Zaveh counties have worst performances in giving service to coverall villages. In addition, in this research effective factors on improvement of corporation performances(based on views of experts and corporation managers) in the form of 7 indexes’, have been studied using anthropic method. Based on expert views, state financed supports are the most important functions in exacting infrastructural activities. After that, management aspects, motivation and cooperation of members are effectives.

Poverty as a socio-economic issue has unsuitable out ones in rural societies. It is said to be an abstract in the way to rural sustainable development. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of social capital on rural poverty reduction in rural areas of Ghobchagh village in Miyandoab County. The method of this research is analytical-description. Data collection has performed through documentation and field survey. In doing data analysis, descriptive situational measures (mean, variance, standard deviation) inferential statistics (Spearman correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and path analysis) has been used. Study area is Ghobchagh village in Miyandoab County with 163 sample of household in Cochran’s modified formula. Results shows, a meaning full relationship between rise of social capital elements and reduction of economic poverty of villages. In such a way that all the elements of social capital (trust, participation, unity and social communication) has negative effect on economic poverty reduction of villages. In this between, social unity’s elements value of with 0.598 has the highest effect and trust element (factor) with a value of 0.197 has the lowest effect on reduction in economic poverty in the study area.