Sooran Rajabi, Mohammad Reza Mowla,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2021)
Abstract
| Time perception is one of the important cognitive functions of the brain, and it refers to the mental sense of time by a person. This ability not only affects all human activities but also affects our mood and emotions. The present study was applied in a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test for two experimental and control groups. Subjects were 40 men and women (20 males and 20 females), which were selected by available sampling from bachelor's and master's degrees and divided into two peer control and experimental groups based on gender and education. All subjects were tested by production time task of 30 and 60 seconds by chronometer before and after the intervention. The experimental group was exposed to induction of three stages of negative, positive mood, and anxiety state, and the control group were tested by the same method in neutral state. The results of variance analysis with repeated measures in the production time task showed, individuals in positive mood and anxiety estimates time faster than neutral state, and also time perceived faster in positive mood in compare to anxiety state. Furthermore, individuals in the Negative mood perceived time slower than neutral state. Based on the result of this study, it can conclude that people experience time faster in positive mood and anxiety state, while in negative mood, people experience time slower. |
Ahmad Borjali, Mohammad Rostami,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2021)
Abstract
Pharmacological treatment of adult with attention deficit with hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has been shown to be successful; however, medication may not normalize executive functions. The present study was assessed the effect of working memory training program on executive functions of adult with ADHD. Sixteen adults with ADHD and 16 healthy adult participated in the study. After a diagnostic and baseline evaluation, 16 adults with ADHD participate in up to 16 sessions of working memory training program and the outcomes are evaluated. Healthy people did not receive any training. Working memory and attention, were examined prior to and following the interventions. Data analysis revealed that the working memory training used in the present study led to significant improvements of various aspects of attention, including focus and sustain attention and capacity of working memory. The findings indicate that working memory training programs can improve working memory performance and have the potential to facilitate attentional functioning in adult with ADHD as well.
Shirin Rezvani, Ali Akbar Sharifi, Hossein Zare,
Volume 9, Issue 2 (8-2021)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on improving working memory of adolescents with traumatic brain injury. The method of this research was quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with control and follow-up groups. To conduct this study, 20 adolescents aged 9-18 years with traumatic brain injury referred to medical centers in Sadaf Shahriar (Parandmehr Clinic) were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 10 experimental and control. To measure the dependent variable of working memory, Wechsler scale 4 subtests (auditory measurement of working memory) and Benton test (visual-spatial measurement of working memory) were used. The experimental group underwent cognitive rehabilitation intervention (12 sessions of 45 minutes). Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in pre-test, post-test and follow-up of working memory performance. The results showed a significant difference between the mean scores of working memory (auditory and visual-spatial measurements) of the experimental group and the control group in the post-test. In addition, there was no significant difference between post-test scores and follow-up in the experimental group, which showed the effect of cognitive rehabilitative perstability on working memory performance in adolescents with brain injury. Therefore, cognitive rehabilitation has a significant effect on improving working memory performance in patients with brain injury and can be used as an effective and useful method to improve working memory performance in adolescents with brain damage.
Barzan Soleimani, Kamran Yazdanbakhsh, Khodamorad Momeni,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
| People with borderline personality disorder experience problems in a variety of cognitive areas, including information processing, decision making, planning, memory, and problem solving. The aim of the study was to modeling the intermediate role of metacognitive awareness on the relationship between overgeneral autobiographical memory and problem solving. The research was fundamental and in terms of implementation method was correlational. The statistical population included all individuals with borderline personality disorder who referred to psychological and psychiatric clinics in Kurdistan province in 1397-98. 300 patients with diagnosis of borderline personality disorder based on clinical interview and willing to participate in the study were selected. They answered the Autobiographical memory test, metacognition awareness questionnaire and social problem solving inventory. Data were analyzed using Amos software. Findings showed that overgeneral autobiographical memory has a direct effect on problem solving skills and metacognitive awareness with coefficients of 0.17 and 0.20, respectively. Also, the direct effect of metacognitive awareness on problem solving was 0.35. Overgeneral Autobiographical memory predicted 4% of the variance of metacognitive awareness, and Overgeneral autobiographical memory with metacognitive awareness predicted 17% of problem-solving changes. On the other hand, the indirect effect of Overgeneral autobiographical memory on problem-solving skills was 0.07, which shows that the indirect effect of Overgeneral autobiographical memory on problem-solving skills is significant. Therefore, it can be concluded that metacognitive awareness acts as a mediator as an observer, which increases the scores of problem-solving skills. |
Samira Nasr Abadi, S. M. Hossein Mousavi Nasab, Ghasem Askari Zadeh, Mohsen Shahba,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Executive dysfunction is a hallmark of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with significant complications. Deficiency in problem-solving, emotion regulation, and attention is one of the most common phenomena after brain injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of short-term intervention of dual executive function on problem-solving, emotion regulation, and selective attention in patients with traumatic brain injury. This quasi-experimental design used pre-test and post-test with a control group. Twenty subjects with brain injury were selected with the Purposive sampling method. They were randomly entered into two experimental and control groups (10 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group). After performing the pre-test, the experimental group received the short-term intervention and double executive function in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The assessment was performed in two stages of pre-test-post-test using a set of software tests of the Tower of London, Stroop and John and Gross (2003) Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results showed a significant difference in the mean scores between the experimental group and the control group in all variables after the test. Therefore, it can be concluded that short-term intervention of dual executive function has a significant effect on improving attention, emotion regulation, and problem-solving in people with traumatic brain injury.
Parisa Asadollahi, Mohammad Hosein Salarifar, Laila Talebzadah Shoshtari,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
| The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training metacognitive beliefs and state on working memory of elementary school students. This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, follow-up and a control group design. The population consisted of elementary school students in Birjand. Forty-six students in the sixth grade were recruited via convenience sampling method. The participants were allocated to the experimental group (n = 23) and the control group (n = 23). The metacognitive training package was used to teach metacognitive beliefs and state. Moreover, the computer image recognition test (N-Back) was used to evaluate working memory. Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney U, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests. The findings indicated a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Furthermore, the experimental group showed higher levels of mean in working memory scores compared to the control group. The results of the follow-up test suggested the lasting effect of the training. According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that training metacognitive beliefs and state might enhances students’ working memory. |
Mohsen Amiri, Jahangir Karami, Khodamorad Momeni,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
| Due to the importance of rehabilitation among children with special learning disabilities, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brain Gym on suppression of theta/alpha ratio and working memory of students aged 8 to 12 years with dyslexia or dysgraphia. This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The population of this study included all girls and boys with reading or writing disorders referring to special centers for learning disabilities in Kermanshah. The convenience sampling methods were used. For this purpose, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 20 students aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of 10 people. The experimental group were received brain Gym intervention for 20 sessions of 20 minutes over 10 weeks. In order to record the brain waves of the participants, a dual-channel neurofeedback device was used. Moreover, the Wechsler memory software was used to measure their active memory. To analyze the data, univariate one-way covariance analysis and multivariate one-way covariance analysis were used using SPSS software version 26. The results showed that the ratio of theta waves to alpha in the experimental group was significantly reduced and active memory span in the experimental group was significantly increased compared to the control group (P < .05). The findings of this study indicated that brain exercise can significantly suppress the ratio of theta waves to alpha and also improve working memory among children with special learning disabilities. The findings confirm the neurological evidence for the positive effect of the brain Gym intervention on the modulation of brain waves and working memory in children with dyslexia or dysgraphia. |
Dr Hasan Sabouri Moghadam, Dr Mohamad Ali Nazari, Sedigheh Naghel, Dr Antonino Valessi, Dr Reza Khosroabadi,
Volume 9, Issue 3 (10-2021)
Abstract
Risk preference, the degree of tendency to take risk, has a fundamental role at individual and social health and is divided to risk seeker and risk averse. Therefore, the study of neural corelates of risk preferences is essential at the field of psychology and psychiatry. The current study aimed to examine and compare an ERP component named P300 between subjects with different risk preferences.
Method: 28 people placed in two groups of risk seeker and risk averse (14 each group). Subjects performed simple gambling task. ERP data were processed by MATLAB software and ERPlab. Repeated measurement ANOVA was used to analyze data.
Results: analysis of behavioral data presented that risk seekers selected low risk option more than high risk, but there was no significant difference of reaction time between groups. ERP analysis showed a significant decrease of P300 amplitude in risk seekers compared to risk averse when selecting high risk option. This result shows the importance of the differences in dopaminergic and motivational pathways of risk seekers during reward processing compared to healthy and risk-averse groups. Based on this result, it may be possible to consider the P300 component as a suitable indicator in clinical evaluations.
Sedighe Nasiripoor, Siavosh Talepasand, Isaac Rahimian Boogar,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate Children's Working Memory Measurement Model: Testing Theories’ Hich and Baddeley, Baddeley and Cowan. The research design was correlational. The population included all primary school students in Tehran in 1400. Participants were 150 students aged 7 to 10 years who were selected by convenience sampling method. They all responded to the Comprehensive Memory Working Assessment Gray et al. (2017). Data were analyzed by factor analysis. The results of factor analysis showed that the Baddeley four-factor model has a better fit than the Baddeley and Hich three-factor model and Cown three-factor model. Assessing working memory can provide more important information about children's cognitive function than psychological measures.
Vahid Mirzaie, Seyed Mosa Tabatabaee, Shahrokh Makvand Hosseini,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
| The aim of this study was to investigate The Effectiveness of Computer-based Cognitive Rehabilitation on Working Memory and Problem Solving of High School Students. Method: For this purpose, 30 high school students in Tehran were selected. These people were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups of 15 people in each group. The number and duration of each session in the experimental group were 16 sessions and each session was 45 minutes, respectively. The control group did not receive any intervention. Research instruments included the Wisconsin Card Classification Test. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS 26 software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in both components of class and survival and the effect of computer rehabilitation intervention on the class component was 0.375, which is lower than average. And the volume of the effect of computer-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention on the survival component is equal to 0.546, which is higher than average. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be said that computer-based cognitive rehabilitation intervention is effective on the Working Memory and Problem Solving of high school students. |
Seyed Esmail Torabi, Hadi Keramati, Javad Kavosian, Hasan Rastegarpoor, Goodarz Alibakhshi,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of the effects of segmentation and redundancy methods on cognitive load and vocabulary learning and comprehension of English lessons in a multimedia learning environment.The purpose of this study is an applied research and a real experimental study. The statistical population of the present study includes all people aged 14 to 16 who are enrolled in language schools in Damghan. The subject of the educational content was to explain the activity of volcanoes in the form of PowerPoint software in a maximum of 10 slides (based on the type of group) to 90 subjects who were randomly divided into six groups (15 people in each group). High segmentation / Audio presentation, High segmentation / Visual presentation, High segmentation / Redundant, Low segmentation / Audio presentation, Low segmentation / Visual presentation, Low segmentation / Redundant were assigned. The research was completely experimental (a completely random 2×3 factor design). Researcher-made test of vocabulary and comprehension learning, prior knowledge assessment and Pass Cognitive Load Scale (1992) were used to collect data. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction between segmentation method and redundancy method on cognitive load and learning was significant. The results of post hoc test also showed that the High segmentation / Visual presentation group reported significantly lower cognitive load and higher vocabulary and comprehension compared to other groups. According to the obtained results, it can be said that segmentation and redundancy methods are effective in reducing cognitive load and promoting English language learning in a multimedia learning environment.
Seyede Mansoureh Hakak, Dr Ali Fathi-Ashtiani, Dr Hojatollah Farahani,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
In spite of increasing importance of attentional control in conceptualization of psychopathology, there are a few scales to measure it. It is necessary to use valid and reliable scale to study this construct in Iranian studies.This study aimed to provide and investigate psychometric characteristics of Persian version of the attentional style questionnaire.The sample of 426 students were selected by available sampling and completed persian version of the attentional style questionnaire, attentional control (Derryberry &Reed, 2002) and repetitive thinking (Ehring et al, 2011) scales. Construct validity were evaluated through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by pearson correlation. Reliability was calculated using Cronbach s alpha method, test-retest and Composite reliability.factor analysis indicated that two-factor model (congnitive avoidance/distractibility and focusing) provided good model fit. Significant correlations between these factors and attentional control, and repetitive thinking scales confirmed convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach s alfa for both factors were 0/75 and test-retest coefficient for cognitive avoidance/distractibility and focusing were 0/88 and 0/73 respectively also composite reliability were 0/81 and 0/84 respectively. According to the results, Persian version of attentional style questionnaire characterized two factors and has been demonstrated to have acceptable validity and reliability to use in psychological researches in Iranian population.
Ava Behrouzi, Abbas Bakhshipour, Majid Mahmoud Aliloo,
Volume 9, Issue 4 (1-2022)
Abstract
| Making risky decisions in adolescents has become a major public health concern and understanding the correlations affecting this process makes it possible to implement prevention plans. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of positive and negative mood induction on risky decision-making by moderating high behavioral brain systems. In order to meet this aim, 327 adolescents aged 18-13 years in Isfahan were randomly selected and screened through the Behavioral Brain Systems Questionnaire (BAS / BIS). Based on the standard score, two groups of 24 participants including high BAS and BIS were selected. The members of each group were randomly divided into two equal subgroups, we induced positive mood in the first subgroup and negative mood in the second subgroup using Pieces of emotional movies. Participants completed the Balloon Risk Test (BART) and the Positive and Negative Emotion Scale (PANAS) before and after mood induction. Results of data analysis by univariate factor covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between inducing positive and negative mood on risky decision making (p≤ 0/05) and positive mood leads to increased risky decisions, The findings also showed that behavioral brain systems as biological personality traits significantly moderate the effect of mood induction on risky decision making (p≤ 0/05). This means that adolescents with a high behavioral activation system have more hyperactivity when faced with positive moods and they are more at risk than people with behavioral inhibition systems while adolescents with behavioral inhibition systems, on the other hand, are more sensitive to negative moods and signs of punishment and they are more cautious. |
Farhad Balash, Abdul H. Omar, Neda Sanjari,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Significant psychological changes in extremely cold regions are considered as natural human reactions. Antarctica has very cold conditions and is considered a natural laboratory for many studies in various fields. Survival, in this harsh environment, is unmanageable without human preconditions; Antarctica with a focus on resilience and psychological adjustment, an opportunity for the individual to approach the study of psychological adjustment, examining the impact of weather conditions, limitations, isolation and lack of daylight, etc. on mood changes, stress and dynamism. is showing. In this article, the psychological changes of six researchers, who are twenty-three days of scientific travel in the cold region in the south of the region, are conceptualized with a systematic concept. In terms of methodology, thematic analysis and collected categories, interviews, observations and documentary analyzes have been used. Researchers' experiences were analyzed in the field and the emerging factors were categorized as attitudes, strategies and. These three factors were divided into thirty-six positive and negative factors at the individual and group levels. Theoretically, positive and negative factors are supported by force field theory, which contribute to the very cold region through conceptualization. Positive attitudes based on the data collected in this exploration include: self-awareness, self-direction, self-control, self-efficacy, self-confidence, self-motivation and self-optimism. On the other hand, negative attitudes are self-awareness, lack of self-direction, conflict with self, inefficiency, self-doubt, self-destruction, self-contradiction and pessimism. There are positive and negative strategies for strategies such as attitude at the individual and team level. In a person, positive strategies include: positive self-talk, positive thinking, meditation, muscle relaxation, spiritual recitation, self-control, and negative strategies include negative self-talk, negative, confusion, justification, religious belief, and loss of self-control. . On the other hand, different strategies with teammates in the direction of positive expressions such as humor, team coordination, control control, team performance, control of negative effects, accessibility and in part including nagging, disagreement, deviation from self-success and immoral reaction. Is. Peacefully, positive and negative factors, such as attitudes, strategies, and positive and negative effects on the environment, in fact, and the conflict of all the factors that lead to specific action in the face of various difficult situations.
Dr. Mohsen Dadjoo, Dr. Shahriar Gharibzadeh,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Socio-emotional development is one of the fundamental bases of individual and social health. The present study aims to investigate the developmental trajectory of socio-emotional tendencies (SET) and its components in preschoolers. Our sample was 447 healthy Iranian preschoolers (girl=47.4%) aged 48-78 month-old (mean=66.57, SD=6.79). they were from Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad, Zarand, and Tabriz as the representative provinces of the Iranian population, based on the geographical distribution and socioeconomic status. We used the Persian version of the Kindergarten Inventory of Social-Emotional Tendencies (KIST) which consists of six components. It included hyperactivity-maladaptive behavior, social skills, communication skills, daily living skills, eating behavior, and separation anxiety symptoms.
We used Kruskal-Wallis test to investigate the developmental trajectory of SET. Results showed that there were significant changes in daily living skills and separation anxiety symptoms during 6-month periods, meanwhile there were no significant changes in the other four components and SET in total. Then, the Games-Howell post-hoc test was performed to follow up the observed differences among age categories. Results of the present study showed that SET doesn’t change significantly in early childhood. It propose that the critical period of the socio-emotional ability development occurs sooner or later
Mis Seyedeh Zahra Mousavi, Dr Farideh Sadat Hoseini,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
In recent years, research on increasing cognitive and psychological status through play has received much attention. For this purpose, there are two categories of game including interactive home game and cognitive game that the first run in the home environment and the latter is implemented as computer software to increase cognitive abilities. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive computer games and parent-child interactive games on problem solving and positive and negative affects in children. For this purpose, 40 10-year-old children in Shiraz were selected by available sampling method in 4 groups included Lumosity game (10 people), home game (10 people), combination of Lumosity and home game (10 people) and control group (10 people). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Based on the significance of Pillai test, there is a difference between the groups in terms of two variables of problem solving and positive and negative affect. Binary comparisons of the groups showed that there was a significant difference between the Lumosity and control groups in terms of problem solving. Also, the combination group with the control group and home group, and the Lumosity group with the control group had a significant difference in terms of positive affect. Acording to the results of the present study, it is suggested that Lumosity game be used to increase problem-solving ability and Lumosity game and the combination of Lumosity and home game to increase pleasant feelings and positive affects in 10-year-olds.
Mrs Azita Kharaman, Dr Hossein Zare, Dr Soosan Alizadehfard, Dr Majid Saffarinia,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (5-2022)
Abstract
Mental representations are to be considered as the most advanced aspects of human cognition and in addition to their own physical representations, representations of social cognition of others can also affect the mental experience of each person's ownership of their body. Accordingly, the present research as a quasi-experimental study based on repeated measures, was conducted in order to investigate the effect of social cognitive representation on the mental property of the body. The population of the study consisted of all Students of Payame Noor University of Tehran from which 61 females and 47 males were selected by convenience sampling. The research instruments included Cohen and Botvinick's (1998) Rubber Hand Illusion Test, and Longo, et al.'s (2008) Rubber Hand Ownership Experience Mental Report Questionnaire. Induction of representations of social cognition was based on the three-dimensional mental model of social cognition by Tamir and Thornton (2020). The collected data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS-22 software. According to the findings, the error score of the rubber hand was higher than the rubber hand with the color close to the body and green, which was defined in terms of the factors of the levels of the three-dimensional model of social cognition at the extreme level, and lower than the blue rubber hand, which was at extremely low levels of the mental three-dimensional model. The results indicated that in social relations, the identification of individuals with those who have gained a higher social status in mental evaluations can be more than those who have gained a lower social status in mental representations.
Fateme Sharifmusavi,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
This study examined the associations among the executive functions, family cohesion, positive youth development and emotional maturity in adolescents, as well as the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between executive functions, family cohesion, positive youth development and emotional maturity. Participants of this study included 300 high school students in grades 10 to 12 from six schools in Qom, Iran who completed the BRIEF2 Scale, the FACES IV, Positive youth development–short form, Emotional maturity questionnaire and Emotion Regulation Scale. Structural equation modeling revealed was positively associated executive functions with family cohesion, emotion regulation with emotional maturity and positive youth development. Also, the results indicated that no significant relationship between emotion regulation and family cohesion. Interaction-mediation analysis demonstrated that emotion regulation in the relationship between executive functions and family cohesion plays a full mediating role and in the relationship between executive functions and positive youth development and in the relationship between executive functions and emotional maturity has minor mediating role. In generally, attention to the findings in this study can be used by researchers and therapists in the design and application of effective cognitive and psychological interventions to reduce the problems and mitigate the crises facing adolescents.
Mss Tina Najafpour, Dr Azadeh Choobforoushzadeh, Dr Azra Mohammadpanah Ardakan, Miss Majede Khosravi Larijani,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
Based on the importance of various aspects of growth and development in students, including physical, cognitive, emotional and social, in the formation of their personality, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of intervention based on the theory of mind on aggression and empathy in children. The statistical population of this semi-experimental study was all about 8-12 year old elementary students from Tehran during the academic year 2019. The sample size consisted of 30 students selected through available sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Data were collected by Buss & Perry` aggression measurement questionnaire and Children's Empathy-Analysis Questionnaire and analysis are analyzed by the covariance analysis test. The findings showed that intervention based on the theory of mind on reducing the aggression and empathy improvement in students is significant (P≤0/05) and Intervention improved empathy as well as aggression with an impact rate of 68% and 82.4% respectively. Therefore, the intervention based on the theory of mind can increase Children's social skills by increasing their ability to understand the feelings and thoughts of others.
Adel Bazram, Mahdi Khanjani, Mohammad Asgari, Seyed Mohammad Saeed Rezvani Nejad,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
| The three principles of double effect, personal contact, and action are suggested as the chief psychological mechanisms affecting human moral decision making in trolley dilemmas. The purpose of current research was to investigate the claim of the universality of these principles and their role in moral decision making in trolley dilemma in the oriental culture of Iran. In this research, using a semi-experimental single group pre-test-post-test design, four scenarios were used adopted from similar research. The statistical population of this research was the general population active in social media. The sample consisted of 235 participants with an average age of 30.34. Among the subjects, 143 were women and 92 were men. "McNemar" test was used for statistical analysis. Based on the results, the effect of all three principles on the ethical decision making of the subjects in trolley dilemma was confirmed significantly (Pvalue>0.05). Therefore, this research shows that all three principles of personal contact, action, and double effect are effectively influencing moral decision making. |
