فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی

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The aim of the current study was to investigate negative processing of implicit information relating to self by self-esteem implicit association test in depressed and non-depressed students.17 depressed students and 17 non-depressed students were selected according to a convenience sampling method. Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) and clinical interviews were employed to diagnose depressed individuals. The Beck anxiety inventory (BAI) was conducted to control of participant's anxiety. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).Results revealed that depressed individuals had higher scores in Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) than non-depressed (p = 0.001). It is also a significant difference between depressed and non-depressed individuals (p = 0.003).According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that depressed studentshave lower implicit self-esteem scores than non-depressed, in self-esteem implicit association test (IAT).

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This study aim to compare the cognitively biased information processing in anxiety, depression and was normal people. The study was causal-comparative study of 50 subjects anxious subjects, 50 subjects with depression and 50 normal subjects were formed by students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected using data Bvdnd.grdavry anxiety scales and Beck Depression scale psychological symptoms and clinical interviews, tests, and test complete root words were a reminder properties and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that explicit and implicit memory between the three groups, anxious, depressed and normal in terms of positive, negative, and there was a significant threat, while threatening words of anxious, depressed subjects with negative words and positive words of ordinary scores were higher. But there was no significant difference in terms of neutrality between the three groups. It can be concluded that information processing in explicit and implicit memory bias creates and causes the information to be more consistent with the mood.
 
 

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The present study attemps to investigate overgeneral autobiographical memory and relationship with problem- solving deficits in depressive and anxious individuals. For this reason, 15 depressive, 15 anxious and 15 normal individuals were chosen from the students of estahban  payam noor university, that were the clients of the counceling clinic. In this study, after completing the Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Autobiographical Memory Test And Means- ends Problem- solving task was used. To compare the overgeneral and problem- solving in 3 group of depressive, anxious and normal individual, data were analyzed with Analysis of Varience(ANOVA) And the Tukeys test was used to compare the pair groups. The results revealed that overgeneral in autobiographical memory depressive individuals is more than anxious and normal ones. Depressive individual are more inefficient problem solving solution to distressed and healthy people.So, according to Williams models depressed people because negative mood and bias in processing information not only in retrieving autobiographical memories are exclusively trouble but this was a problem retrieving, problem solving and also affect their problems and makes solutions less effective to produse.

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mind wandering is a pervasive and common phenomenon of human cognition that its role in performance of any field related to mind is undeniable. This study plans to investigate The causal relationship of mindfulness and mind wandering with mediating strategical engagement regulation, anxiety, depression and working memory. To this, 434 female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz were selected by multistage random sampling method and They got Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Strategic Engagement Regulation Scale, Stress Anxiety Depression Scale, Stress Anxiety Depression Scale, The Working Memory Questionnaire and The Mind Wandering: Deliberate and Mind Wandering: Spontaneous Scale. Collected data were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS (version 21) and using structural equations modelling method. In order to earn the suitable model fitness indices, the item parceling method was used about mindfulness variable. Finally, on the base of values of some indices (for example, RMSEA = 0/06 and GFI = 0/98), model had a good fit. Also, all paths of the model except two paths: anxiety to working memory and anxiety to mind wandering were significant. In sum, this research results showed that mindfulness plays important role in mind wandering anticipation that transfers this effect through mechanisms as self-regulation, mood and working memory. 

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Depressed people, unlike non-depressed, show the higher the right frontal lobe activity than the left frontal lobe. Because the right hemisphere associated with negative emotional processing, pessimistic and maladaptive thinking styles, and the frontal alpha power is the inverse index of cortical activity, the frontal alpha power asymmetry reflects the balance between the left and right hemisphere in the frontal. The aim of this study was to improve the frontal alpha asymmetry for reducing depression and rumination levels and executive functions of people with reactive depression from love trauma syndrome through the neurofeedback interventional method and compare its efficacy with the sham group. In addition, in this study, was considered the neurological characteristics of the emotionally traumatic experience, through the Clinical Q as the evaluation method. This study's participants include 32 students of Tehran and Amir Kabir universities that they experienced love trauma in the recent 6 months and subsequently, they exposed depression and rumination symptoms and reduction of executive functions. For measuring of Pre-Test phase, after the primary interview and performance of Love Trauma, Beck's Depression and Anxiety Scales was evaluated executive functions (continuous attention, working memory and cognitive inhibition) by computer tasks; CPT, N-Back and Go/NoGo. Finally, was measured EEG 2-channel record through Clinical Q. The participants were placed in the trial group (age: M=24.73, SD=3.71) and sham group (age: M=23.46, SD=2.87), randomly. Then, in the neurofeedback intervention performance, was exerted 15 sessions on 45 min in the both of the trial and the sham groups. At the end of sessions were repeated pre-test phase measurements for post-test phase. Results of this study, emphasize on the effects of alpha asymmetry neurofeedback for reduction of depression symptoms similar to some research and against, deferent of other some studies, such as effective neurofeedback training for the decrease of Beck's depression scores. One of the important results of this research was the improvement of executive functions and rumination, the reason of substantial role of the both on depression duration. Effect of frontal alpha asymmetry neurofeedback on the reduction of love trauma and also, improvement of the neurological index of traumatic event experience was a new finding. Based on this results could be proposed neurofeedback training as a beneficial intervention for reduction of love trauma syndrome.

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Depression is the most common mental disorder that disrupts patients’ lives and imposes costs on society. Recently, the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders has been considered. The question is whether biomarkers derived from EEG are capable of separating depressed patients from healthy people. The objective of this study was to compare the power of different frequency bands in depressed and healthy individuals. The participants of this non-experimental study were selected using clinical criteria based on DSM-5 at Atieh Clinic in Tehran in 2016-2017 (29 women and 21 men who were depressed and 19 women and 31 men who were healthy). EEG was recorded in 19 channels and five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma) at rest (eyes closed) and during the Emtional Contineous Performance Task (ECPT). The results showed that at rest, the mean power was significantly higher in the depressed group only in the gamma band (Fz and Cz). Significant differences were also observed in theta (P8, O1 and O2), alpha (P4, P8 and O1), beta (Fp1, P3, Pz, and P4) and gamma (Fp1, Fp2, Fz and O1) during activity. Furthermore, mean powers in the depressed group were higher. It seems that EEG power during activity is a better discriminator than power in resting state and it could potentially be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of depression.

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