فصلنامه روانشناسی شناختی

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of cognitive flexibility in predicting the hopelessness and resilience among university students. 277students of Shiraz University participated in the present study via cluster sampling method during the fall semester of the 2010- 2011 academic year. The participants completed the items of Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale. To analyze the data, the statistical methods of Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous multiple regression analysis were conducted. The results showed that Control subscale could negatively predict the total score of hopelessness and all of its subscales. Moreover, alternatives control subscale negatively predicted the total score of hopelessness and the hopelessness subscales of disappointment in achieving the desired and negative expectations about future. Alternatives for human Behaviors subscale predicted the hopelessness subscale of future uncertainty. Simultaneous multiple Regression analyses in predicting resilience indicated that Control and Alternatives subscales predicted the resilience. It is concluded that cognitive flexibility has the ability to predict the hopelessness and resilience. Thus, educating cognitive flexibility via cognitive- behavior therapy (CBT) can decrease hopelessness and increase the resilience among clients.  

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This study examined the mediating effect of positive and negative achievement emotions on the relationship between causal attributions and academic self-regulation among university students. On a sample consisting of 270 students (93 male 177 female) were administrated the achievement emotion questionnaire (Pekrun, Goetz & Perry, 2005).), attributin style questionnaire (Peterson, Semel, Beayer, Abramson, Metalsky & Seligman, 1982) and academic self-regulation scale (Ryan & Connell, 1989). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the mediating effects model of achievement emotions on the relationship between causal attributions and academic self-regulation. results showed that there is a positive significant correlation between adaptive attribution style with positive achievement emotions and a positive significant correlation between nonadaptive attribution style with negative achievement emotions and positive significant correlation between positive achievement emotions with self-regulation and negative correlation between negative emotions and academic self-regulation. Results also indicated that the relationship between adaptive and non-adaptive attribution styles and academic self-regulation by positive and negative achievement emotions is mediated. All of the regression weights in the both models were statistically significant and in the the mediating model of positive and negative achievement emotions, models' predictors accounted for 25% and 21% of the variance in academic self-regulation, respectively. In sum, the results emphysising on the mediating role of achievement emotions, provide further support for the attribution theory. 

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Purpose of this research was the effect of meta-cognitive treatment in group method onthought control strategies in addict man under methadone treatment. Among patients treated with methadone during methadone treatment center in Tarighat no of Tehran city on date Bahman to Ordibehesht 1393 ,30 persons were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups an experiment (n = 15) and group controls (n = 15) were assigned. The participants fill the questionnaires for thought control strategies Wells and Davies before training in method of meta-cognitive and after it. To examin the effect of Metacognitive training method, pre-test was subtracted from pos-testand the means of two experimental and control groups were compared using t-test.  The results showed that there was significant differences in thought control strategies between two groups and he mean of the experimental group was lower According to the results about the difference between the control and experimental groups  in receiving cognitive training intervention on  the Addicts' mind control, it seems, this teaching can be effective in meta-cognitive of the addicts and as a result modify their thought control strategies.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional working memory training on improving cognitive control of participants with high trait anxiety symptoms. This study was based on a quasi-experimental design pretest& posttest with active control group. 28 students from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with high scores on trait anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were voluntarily selected, according to available sampling. 14 people in both experimental and active control groups were matched and randomly assigned into two groups. To measure cognitive control color-word Stroop test was used. Persian Emotional Working Memory Training was used with the experimental group and Shape Matched Training Task was used with the active control group To analyze the results multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted The results showed a significant difference in cognitive control components (congruent reaction time, incongruent reaction time and interference score) between the two groups.
 

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Inquiring the cognitive Control, social problem solving and self-esteem between monolingual and bilingual students.

Abstract

This study aims to inquiry the cognitive control, social problem solving and self-esteem of the students of Kurdish-Persian language bilingual and ones of Persian language monolingual. research method was causal-comparative type .The sample consisted of 80 students (40 monolingual students, 40 bilingual students) who were selected by the mean of the multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect data from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Grant & Berg (1948), Revised Social Problem Solving Inventory Dyzhryla (2002, Kooper Smith Self Esteem (1967) was used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance and T-test for independent samples. The results showed that bilingual and monolingual students there are significant differences in terms of cognitive control and self-esteem. Bilingual performance was better than the monolingual performance. But unlike previous research in the field of social problem-solving, there was no significant difference.        According to the results we can say that because bilingual students are faced with two systems of rules of language and their knowledge of the language is more than monolingual students ,then they in terms of cognitive have superiority. And that each language has its own cultural burden ,and this cultural burden is the experience from wide range of information and support that has a positive effect on self-esteem .And in social problem-solving is probably the type of bilingualism, expertise and skills of peoples in a second language, the richness of the environment, the opportunity for two languages as well as methodologies  cause to strengthen or weaken the second language learning and had different effects.

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The aim of present study was to investigation the role of metacognitive beliefs and thought control strategies in test anxiety symptoms of students. In a frame of correlation design, using multi-stage cluster sampling among high school students of Estahban and Shiraz in the 93-94 academic year, 401 students (male and female) were selected and completed test anxiety inventory (TAI), metacognitive questionnaire (MCQ-30) and thought control questionnaire (TCQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the cognitive components of positive beliefs about worry, uncontrollability, danger and cognitive confidence had a positive relationship with test anxiety symptoms of students. Also, among thought control strategies, worry, social control and punishment had a positive relationship with test anxiety symptoms of student, but attention diversion had a negative relationship. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis of variables combination showed that uncontrollability and danger, cognitive confidence, punishment and need to thoughts control predict test anxiety symptoms of students, respectively.  The results of this study suggests that one of important factors in incidence of test anxiety in students is metacognitive beliefs and copying strategies about them. Therefore, it is recommended that pay particular attention to metacognitive beliefs and copying strategies in the prevention programs or treatment of test anxiety. 

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Aim: The being of impairments in executive functions could lead to weakness individual control on health behaviors and cigarette consumption. The aim of present research was to investigate effectiveness of comprehensive intervention in order to retraining executive functions in smokers. Method: A randomized controlled trial design with pre-posttest and two monthly follow up was applied. The study population included all smoker men in the summer 2016 in Gorgan city. A number of 60 eligible adult smokers were chosen according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The Fagerstrom questionnaire for assessment of cigarette dependence was administered to two groups people. The experiment group then received 10 sessions (twice weekly) retraining of executive functions (Working Memory and Inhibitory Control), whereas in the control (placebo) group a placebo intervention like the original tasks were performed. The Fagerstrom questionnaire was again performed at post-test and in one month and two month follow up stages in both groups. Results: A repeated measure GLM: Multivariate Analysis of Variance showed significant differences between two groups in Fagerstrom in posttest and two follow up stages. Conclusion: Overall, the retraining executive functions intervention was effective on cigarette dependency and could use from this intervention in cigarette treatment programs. 

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The main purpose of this study is to determine the Effectiveness of Decisional and Self-Efficacy Therapy Transtheoretical model (TTM) on Cognitive-Emotional regulation , Mind control and pain Patients with chronic pain. This study was a semiexperimental study with a pretest, post-test and follow-up. Subjects were first screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Therefore 70 hypertensive patients who referred to the chronic pain Hospital in bukan city were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The TTM group was treated in 8 sessions, Results showed that there were significant differences between two groups in Cognitive-Emotional regulation , Mind control and pain. so, TTM is an effective intervention in essential chronic pain patients.

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The purpose of this study is presentation the structural model of executive functions and extramarital relationship with mediating role of self­­­-control. The 210 samples were selected by convenience sampling. In experimental situation, for assessing executive function participants did computerized exams include: Stroop, Wisconsin, Go No Go and N- Back and completed self-control questionnaire of Tangney and attitudes toward infidelity scale of Whatley.  Data was analyzed through regression, structural equation modeling. Model has a suitable fit. Results shows that executive functions includes inhibition(-0/13), task switching(-0/13) ,working memory(-0/16)  and self-control(-0/10)had direct effect on extra marital relationship. Executive functions includes inhibition(-0/23), task switching(-0/11) ,working memory(-0/27) had indirect effect on extra marital relationship with mediation of self-control.
 

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation, on improving the executive functions of selective attention, inhibitory control and working mwmory in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. This experimental study was a Single Subject of type A-B, which 6 elderly (4 women and 2 men) with an average age of 62 years old were selected via  purposeful convenience sampling and randomly assigned into two groups of control (n=3) and experimental (n=3). The evaluation of selective attention and inhibitory control was done using Stroop, Go/NO Go and N-back tests, and the "ARAM" rehabilitation program was presented in 10 one-hour personal sessions for each experimental group subjective. All subjective in both groups was evaluated 6 times (before, during, just after and 2 months following the intervention) and also control group were evaluated simultaneously without receiving any interventions. Using visual analysis, collected data revealed that the scores of both tests of executive functions in experimental group, were steadily increased all through intervention, while the control group scores’ did not make significant changes. Also, two-month follow-up evaluations showed a stable improvement in executive functions of the experimental group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation based on ARAM program has improved the functions of selective attention, inhibitory control and working memory in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. As there are many documentaries suggesting possibility of leading mild cognitive impairment to more serious cognitive disabilities such as Alzheimer’s disease, such findings can confirm possibility of improving cognitive functions of elderly people with mild cognitive impairment with, with lower therapeutic costs applying the help of technology

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of attention control on mind wandering. The method of this research was semi-experimental. The statistical population includes fifth and sixth grade female students of Semnan city in the academic year of 1400-1401. The number of 38 people from the statistical population was calculated as available, and in order to predict the drop of the subjects or the loss of data, 2 people were present in the study more than the number of the calculated sample. The tool used to measure mind wandering was the Stroop test, which was completed under active and reactive attention control conditions. The data were analyzed using one-factor analysis of variance and repeated measurement by SPSS25 software. The findings showed that mind wandering is more in active attention control conditions than in reactive attention control conditions. The findings of this study can provide useful insight in understanding the phenomenon of mind wandering. Teachers and educational designers, having the knowledge related to this field, can design and produce educational content that students will experience during virtual education, where the minimum supervision by the teacher takes place during the learning process. The wandering of the mind will be less on the part of the students.
 

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Abstract
Cognitive and neuropsychological problems play a special role in the course, prognosis, and treatment of obesity. The present study was conducted with the aim of designing and validating the Cognitive rehabilitation program and its effect on cognitive control and Problem-solving in women with obesity. The present study was conducted in the form of an experimental design with a pretest-posttest with a control group and follow-up. Participants in this study included 40 female obese patients living in Urmia who were randomly assigned to two groups cognitive rehabilitation (n = 20) and control (n = 20). The experimental group received cognitive rehabilitation intervention in 16 sessions and the BRIEF-A, cognitive flexibility test, and London tower in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up stages for both groups were used and the findings were analyzed using a mixed analysis of variance test. Took. Also, after completing the course, the control group received cognitive rehabilitation intervention. The results showed better performance of the experimental group in cognitive control variables (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) and problem-solving sub-components in the post-test and follow-up stage than the control group. This means that the experimental group that received the cognitive rehabilitation intervention performed better in the proposed components in the post-test and follow-up phase. Taken from the findings, it can be concluded that cognitive rehabilitation intervention as an effective and efficient treatment option can have positive effects and significant cognitive-educational consequences for patients with obesity. Therefore, specialists, researchers, and therapists in this field can use this intervention as an effective treatment option to improve the cognitive functions and psychological neuropathy of obese and overweight patients and consequently improve the mental health and quality of life of these patients.


 

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Empathy is an inseparable part of social-emotional people. It plays a positive role in society, throughout people's lives, and recognizing that it forms the basis of empathy is essential. This research was conducted in order to investigate the mediating role of attention control in the relationship between problem solving and empathy. The research method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The participants of this research included 500 students of Zahedan city who were selected by cluster sampling method. In order to collect data, Hepner and Petersen's problem solving questionnaire, attention control scale, Jolliffe and Farrington's empathy questionnaire were used. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling were used to analyzethe data using spss and Amos software. The findings showed that the direct path of problem solving to attention control (-0.458) is negative and significant. The direct path of controlling attention to cognitive emotional empathy (-0.141) is negative and significant. The direct path of problem solving to cognitive emotional empathy (-0.440) is negative and significant. Also, the mediating effect of problem solving on cognitive emotional empathy through attention control is equal to 0.072, which is positive and significant. Therefore, the research results show that it is important to pay attention to the mediating role of attention control in the relationship between problem solving and empathy, and it is necessary to pay attention to the limitations that may be caused by increasing attention control for problem solving and empathy. Theoretically, investigating the effects of increasing thesecognitive functions on empathy requires more investigation and research.