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The increased prevalence of obesity has serious health problems around the world and  so many variables increased possibility of overweight. This study aimed to investigate the role of irrational beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle in predicting the risk of obesity. This research had a case-control design. Population consisted of members of Iranshahr neighborhood in Tehran. Sample consisted of 100 patients and 100 healthy one which was mathch by each other. Data ware gatherd by health Irrational Beliefs Scale, multidimensional health locus of control  and health promoting lifestyle profile. The results of this study showed that a correct prediction 74.5  percent of normal-weight people and 69 percent of people with obesity classes, the model was significantly reliable (P<0/001, df= 10 and chi-square= 65/69) and in total 72 percent of the predictions were correct. Irrational health beliefs, health locus of control and health-oriented lifestyle are capable to predict obesity. It could be concluded that changing lifestyle and health locus of control could be one of the main mechanisem for overcoming the risk of being overweight and obesity.


 

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  The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural equation model between defense styles and self-image in university students. Among the students who studied at the Kharazmi University 154 students were randomly selected and information from the defense style questionnaire and the Beck Self Concept Test were analyzed. The conceptual model of research was fitted with data. The size of the absolute (0.76), relative (0.89), external (0.87) and internal (0.91) indexes showed the fitness of the presented model. The path coefficients indicated that neurotic and immature mechanisms are related to different dimensions of self-concept. All of the studied paths, except for the path of mature defense mechanisms in three domains of self-concept (mental, physical and occupational), are significant. Also, the positive and significant correlation between the immature and neurotic defense mechanisms with self-concept determined. The results of this study emphasize the importance of the relationship between defenders with self-concept.
 

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This research focuses on attitude and practice of elementary Physical Education(PE) teachers in relation to obesity. The question is the messages, symbols, conversations and teacher-centered interpersonal behaviors; how does provide attitude to obesity? The impacts of reinforced discourse likely affect obese student’s desirable feelings about their bodies, intentions of short-term or long-term physical activities, definition of exercise in daily life and habits. The data were collected using observations on PE class and interviews. Analyzes were carried out by description of the concepts used in the discourse theory of Lacla and Moff (1985). Results showed that there are two approaches: creating “fear of obesity” and “health responsibility”. In both approaches, obesity is a priority and special consideration is given to obese students in the classroom. The major difference between these approaches is to create different perspectives to obesity, it means that attitude and practice by the teacher can be accompanied by a sense of personal responsibility with awareness and the other hand, it can be affected by an undesirable and humiliating feeling to obesity
 

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The aim of this study was to investigate a model for predicting cigarette and water-pipe use among university students based on the adjustment to the university, mental health and motivation for use. This correlational study with a structural equation modeling approach was conducted on 634 students selected from Kashan universities by cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ), Substance Use Motives questionnaires, Young Risk Behavior Scale (YRBS), and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). The results showed that none of the dimensions of adjustment to the university had a significant effect on cigarette or water–pipe use. Some dimensions (individual-emotional compatibility and attachment to the university) that were mediated by the role of mental health and consumer motivation, had an indirect significant effect on cigarette and water–pipe use. Mental health and coping motivation had a significant effect on cigarette use. Also, mental health and additive motivation had direct and significant effect on water-pipe use. Reduction of adjustment to the university in two aspects of emotional–individual adjustment and attachment to the university causes mental health problems, and the presence of coping motivations for cigarette use or additive motivations for water–pipe use, increase the probability of cigarette or water–pipe use among the students. According to the findings, the development of different preventive programs for cigarette or water–pipe use, screening of mental health problems especially for vulnerable students during the school years, is recommended.

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Culture influence psychological phenomena in different ways. In this article, we introduce a framework for studying relationship between culture and psychological phenomena and we presented findings from some cross-cultural studies in this framework. It seems the definition and classification of personality traits, the experience of stress and mental health moderated by culture. The associations between positive and negative affects and mental health was different among Iranian and Swedish culture. In Iranian culture, both kind of affects was associated with mental health, whereas in Swedish culture, only positive affect was associated with mental health. Iranian students more used primary process against stress, whereas Swedish students more used secondary process. In addition, academic stress among Iranian students was less than Swedish students. It could conclude that there were some similarities and differences between Iranian and Swedish culture in personality traits, experience of anxiety, and coping with stress. Therefore, any policy making in global level and designing behavioral change strategies in national level should be influenced by these cultural similarities and differences

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of tolerance training on mental health and adjustment in primary school children. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population consisted of all elementary school children in Gorgan. Out of this population, 170 students completed the Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (CSI-4), Sprafkin et al. (1984) and Dokhanchi  Adaptation Questionnaire (1998). Of  these, 30 children who achieved a mean score in the tests were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. Then life value training sessions were conducted in 9 sessions of  90 minutes, one session per week. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to test the hypotheses using SPSS 22 software. The results showed that tolerance training improved the fitness and mental health of the statistical sample. Given the content of the intervention, it is suggested that life values such as tolerance be taught in group games to take a fundamental step in improving and promoting children's mental health and adaptability.

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During the COVID-19 epidemic, different individuals experience different levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19, and many of them cite the Internet and online health information. The aim of the present study was to compare the online health information utilization, online shared identity, and online shared information usage in different levels of COVID-19 anxiety. In this causal-comparative study, the statistical population of the study consisted of college students of Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Guilan University during COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Among them, 387 students were selected by convenience sampling method and responded to COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, Online Health Information Utilization Questionnaire, and Identity Bubble Reinforcement Scale. Considering the high and low total scores of the COVID-19 Anxiety Questionnaire, participants were divided into high-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) and low-level COVID-19 anxiety (n=100) groups. The results indicated individuals with high level of COVID-19 anxiety got higher scores in online health information utilization and online shared identity compared to individuals in low-level COVID-19 anxiety group (p <0/01). Admittedly, online shared identity is more prominent in individuals in high-level COVID-19 anxiety group and they rely more on health information available on the Internet.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationshipbetween children'sanxiety level and children'sawareness of coronavirus based on the healthbelief model and their mothers'anxiety, stress   and depression during social distancing period. This correlational study was done on260students of preschool and elementary schools of educational areas in Tehran in 2020 and theirmothers that were selected as available sampling. Data were collected by a self-designed questionnaire of children'sawareness and attitude to coronavirus, Spence Children'sAnxiety Scale (SCAS), and depression, anxiety and stress scales (DASS-42) in adults.
The results indicated significant relationship of children'sanxiety with anxiety (r = 0.45), stress (r = 0.35) and depression (r = 0.44) of their mothers and level of their awareness ofCorona (r = 0.19) and age (r = 0.14).Also, the results of multiple regression analysis in step-by-step manner showed that anxiety, depression and stress of mothers and children'sawareness of Coronavirus were significant predictors of children'sanxiety (altogether 34%).
According to the results of this research, one of the necessary measures toprotect and improve the mental health of children in critical conditions consequent Coronavirus is parents'training to regulate their negative emotions. It is also important to provide information about coronavirus to children with considering their age and cognitive development.

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The corona disease epidemic have had different effects on the social and psychological aspects of individuals. Studies show that with spread of disease, the fear of this is also increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and health anxiety with corona phobia in Tehran society. For this purpose, a sample of 430 adult men and women evaluated by health anxiety questionnaire (Salkovskis, 2002), intolerance of uncertainty (Freeston, 1994), and fear of corona (Griffiths & pakpour, 2020) through online recall and via social network.  To analyze the data, Pearson correlation and path analysis were used. The results showed health anxiety and intolerance were positively and directly correlated with fear of corona. Also, intolerance to uncertainty was indirectly correlated with fear of corona through mediating of health anxiety. These results will have practical implications for controlling and reducing fear of corona and corona phobia. It is suggested that according to these personality and cognitive variables, they should be used to design psychological interventions to maintain and promote the mental health of the community in pandemic corona disease.

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Covid-19 has had a significant impact on spouses' relationships. The high mortality rate from this disease is also a serious challenge. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the differences between the life experiences of healthy spouses and mourning spouses during the corona virus epidemic. The research method was qualitative interpretive phenomenology. The statistical population was all healthy spouses of Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces, who have not been infected with the disease since the beginning of the outbreak and all spouses of these two provinces who lost their spouses due to corona virus. The sample included 9 healthy and 8 mourning spouses. The available sampling method was used for healthy spouses and targeted and snowball methods were used for mourning spouses. Interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by Colaizzi method. 4 main themes were identified in the experiences of both groups: worries, personal reactions, changes in social relationships and changes in attitudes. The main differences were in the sub-themes (e.g., illness concerns for healthy spouses and worries about survival for mourning spouses) and in main themes, they were similar due to the commonality of the questions. The results, by identifying the experiences of these two groups of spouses, showed that caring for self and for family against corona virus or death due to it, can cause significant problems and it is necessary to provide support systems for families according to their circumstances.

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The purpose of this study was to meta-analyze the research on the effect of having a child with a mental disability on the mental health of mothers in Iran. The research method was meta-analysis. A meta-analysis checklist was used to collect data. The collection of researches on the effect of having a mentally retarded child on the mental health of parents in the country between 2001-2011, methodologically acceptable researches that had the conditions to enter the meta-analysis, 11The article was selected as a sample that contained 44 sizes of works. The total sample size of this study was 2005. The results showed that the effect of having a mentally retarded child on maternal mental health in Iran was 0.20. Also, the effect of having a child with mental disability on mothers' depression is 0.16, on mothers' anxiety is 0.19, on mothers' social dysfunction is 0.18, on mothers' physical symptoms is 0.10, on mothers' obsession-compulsion is 0.40, aggression Mothers were 0.15, maternal morbidity was 0.22 and maternal psychosis was 0.24. The results of the present study indicated that the effect of a mentally retarded child on the mental health of parents in Iran is low based on the Cohen interpretation criterion.
 

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Purpose: The aim of this article is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy group training based on mindfulness on academic vitality and social health. Method: Quantitative-applied research of an experimental type with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group, and the statistical population includes all female students of the first grade of high school in Bandar Anzali city, who were randomly divided into two groups of 20 people, controlled and tested. Martin and Marsh's (2008) academic vitality questionnaires, Keyes and Shapiro's (2004) social health questionnaires, as well as the mindfulness training protocol have been used as the intervention variable of the research for data collection tools. To test the hypotheses, univariate covariance analysis was used using SPSS software. Findings: The research results showed that mindfulness training is effective on academic vitality and social health. Conclusion: Mindfulness training improves the social health and academic vitality of female students.
 

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The aging process, conducting research to obtain practical insights to improve their mental health. This study, with the aim of evaluating scientific research in the field of mental health of the elderly, used the descriptive research method, content analysis, and systematic review and co-occurrence techniques. "Magiran", "Sid" and "Noormags" databases were examined and the co-occurrence map of their keywords was drawn using Raver-matrix and UCINET software. The findings showed that Tehran province was in the first place, Shahrekord, Fars and Razavi Khorasan were in the second and third place. The most studied physical places were nursing homes and medical centers with a frequency of 29 and 18. Retirement centers, sports places and mosques were places with fewer studies. Descriptive-analytical method was the most used with 54% and correlational and quasi-experimental methods (pre and post-test) were ranked second and third with 30% and 28.73% frequency. The most used tools were questionnaires and interviews. The words "depression", "quality of life" with a frequency of 8 and a total link strength of 24 and 21 were the most frequent, "elderly women" and "anxiety" with an occurrence of 7 and 5 and a link strength of 14 and 15 among the most frequent keywords.

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